Kwenguva yokutanga purogiramu ye in vitro fertilization (IVF) yakabudirira kubudirira muEngland muna 1978, apo mwana wekutanga kubva mumuviri wekuyerera akaoneka - Louise Brown. Kubva panguva iyo, vana vanopfuura mamiriyoni maviri vakadai vakazvarwa munyika. Izvo zvakanakisisa kubudirira kwevakadzi vemazuva ano zvinoratidza izvo zvinoenderana nehuchenjeri hwevakadzi nehupenyu.
Kana chibereko chisipo (kubvira pakuberekwa kana nekuda kwekuvhiyiwa), kana kana mukadzi akazvipikisa paanenge ari pamuviri, kana kuti iye chete asingadi kupedza mwedzi, anogona kushandiswa kumabasa eamai vanozvipira. Imbryo inowanikwa nerubatsiro rweAVF imwechete inoiswa mudumbu remukadzi anobvumirana kutsungirira mwana uye pakarepo mushure mekunge aberekwa vabereki vake venyama. Kwenguva yekutanga yakaitika muU.SA muna 1986. Kazhinji, hama dzinotsiva amai (kusanganisira vanaamai navanaamai vanotakura zvizukuru zvavo). Munyika dzakawanda dzakabudirira, kuberekwa kwaamai kunorambidzwa zvachose, kana kubvumirwa chete pane zvisiri zvebhizimisi. Somuenzaniso, British Carol Horlock, uyo akatora vamwe vana vapfumbamwe vana, akaita izvi chete nokuda kwekunakidzwa nekuve nepamuviri. Asi iwe unowanzoona munhu anofarira zvakadaro, uye mukadzi wemazuva ano anozvirumbidza nezvakanakisisa kubudirira kusvika ikozvino.
Munyika dzinoverengeka, kusanganisira Ukraine, Russia, Kazakhstan, dzimwe nyika dzeAmerica, kuberekwa kwaamai kunobvumirwa pamutemo pane zvekutengeserana (mutengo unoshanduka pakati pe5 ne10 000 madhora).
Nenzira imwecheteyo, vaviri vevabhangi vanogona kubereka mwana "anowanzo": imwe inotora zamai, imwe inobereka. Mbeu, hongu, mupi. Kubva pamutemo wekutarisa, uku ndiko kuberekwa kwaamai, naizvozvo mukadzi ane mwana, asati aitika, anofanira kunyora kusunungura kodzero dzekuberekwa. Dzimwe nguva kune zviitiko zvepamutemo (somuenzaniso, munguva pfupi yapfuura muUnited States vaviri "vabereki" vakaedzwa nekuda kwevana vavo vane makore manomwe.) Dare rakawana rugwaro kubva kuchipatara, zvinyorwa zvepamutemo, zvakakwana kukaramba amai vechipiri kodzero yekuchengetwa). Asi pasinei nehutano, hutsika uye mamwe matambudziko, IVF uye kubata pamuviri kunobatsira kubereka vana vanogona kungovimba nechishamiso kare.
Shandura zvepabonde
Hazvigoneki kuti yakafambiswa nevasingadi, avo vaipfeka mapaonti evanhu, vhudzi shoma uye vanosvuta pombi, vanobvumirana nekushandura chirwere chepabonde - vakange vane zvakakwana zvekudzivirira. Asi muhuwandu hwevanhu pane nguva dzose pane vanhu vakazvarwa mumutumbi wekunze. Iye zvino vanonzi transsexuals. Maererano neAmerican statistics, kune varume vatatu vanozviziva ivo semadzimai, pane mukadzi mumwe chete anozviziva semunhu. Kubvira muna 1960, vatengesi vekutengesa vanhu vaisava nemukana wekuwana muviri "wakarurama", vaifungidzirwa kurwara mupfungwa uye vakaedza kurapa nekutya kwegetsi. Zvadaro, masayunivhesiti akawanda muUnited States akatanga kutsvaga kwakanyanya pamusoro pehutano chimiro, uye semugumisiro, zvipingamupinyi zvekuchinja kwepabonde zvakabviswa. Iye zvino munyika dzakawanda dzakabudirira, nzira iyi inotungamirirwa nemutemo uye inosanganisira zvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana: hormonal therapy, kuvhiyiwa, kuchinja kwezita uye zvinyorwa (iyo yekupedzisira, nenzira, haibvumirwi kwose kwose). MuUkraine, hapana mutemo unobvumirana, asi hapana matambudziko anokosha: zvepabonde mupasipoti inogona kuchinjwa mushure mekushanda, zvichienderana nemigumisiro yekurapa kwechiremba. Vanachiremba vanotaura nyaya dzinoshamisa kubva pamitambo yavo - somuenzaniso, pamusoro pemukadzi anozviona somunhu anonzi Dima uye akarota kuroora mudzimai wake. Vaviri vacho vaida kuva nevana, asi mwenga akanga ane zvinetso zveutano. Ipapo Dima akasarudza kupedzisa kushanduka kwekupedzisira uye akatanga kutora mwana, uyo akazova baba.
Dzokorora maitiro ekuravira
Kuvhiyiwa kwepurasitiki kune nhoroondo yakareba, asi kusvika pakati pezana remakore rechi20 ivo vakaitwa chete kana zvichidiwa: mushure mekuvadzwa, kupisa, nehutachiona hwakasiyana-siyana. Vaya vanyori vepfuma uye vakakurumbira chete ndivo vakasarudza kurara pasi pomuvhiyi wechiremba kuti anonoke kukwegura (somuenzaniso, Lyubov Orlova akanga ari fan of plastic). Basa racho rairema, uye mitsva yakanga isingazivikanwi pamusana pemitemo isina kukwana. Asi mumakore ekuma makumi mashanu ekupedzisira - kutanga kwema60 ekuvandudzwa kweAmerica plastiki kuvhiyiwa kwaive nekusvetuka, chiyero che "mutengo-hunhu" chakakurumidza kuvandudzwa, uye munguva pfupi kuburitsa kwekunze kwakabatanidzwa nekatikati. Zvichida chinonyanya kukosha chinofanirwa kuonekwa sechitarisiko chesilicone implants muna 1962. Kubvira panguva iyoyo, chifu chezero chakasara kuva chirevo chekupedzisira chemusikana anorota kukunda Hollywood. Mune mamwe masimba pakanga paine kunyanya kwepurasitiki. Semuenzaniso, muVenezuela, iyo inowanzopa avo vanopinda muNew World uye Miss Universe mitambo, vabereki vanobva kumhuri dzakanaka vanogamuchira mazamu ane ruzivo uye zvibhakera zvevanhu vakuru. Kururamisa mhino yako kwakafanana nokuenda kune solarium. Nekushingaira kwakadaro, vakadzi veKorea nevakadzi vechiChinese vanodzokazve maziso avo uye nenyuchi kuti vaone sevaEurope. Kuonekwa kwakaguma kuva chipo chaMwari (kana kurangwa), ikozvino inongova yekutanga ye data, iyo iwe unogona kuzvisarudzira iwe pachako.
Wana mabhiriyoni
Kusvikira pane imwe nguva, mukadzi anogona kuva muzinda wemari nemapfumbamwe zeros chete nekuda kwehaka yake. Mune bhizimisi rakakomba, hutano husina simba hwakanga husingabvumirwi: kutanga - nekuda kwekushaiwa dzidzo (iyo zvakare yakanga yakaoma kuwana), ipapo - nekuda kwekusaziva "girazi denga". Kuparara kwekutanga mukudzivirirwa kwevarume kwakakwanisa kuputsa nepakati mukati pemazana ekupedzisira zvipfeko queens: Mary Kay naEste Lauder. Nenguva yekufa kwekupedzisira, muna 2004, mari yehupfu hwaro hwemafuta yakasvika kusvika mabhiriyoni mashanu emadhora.
Iye zvino madzimai , avo vakawana misoro yavo nemafungiro avo, vari kupedza vakadzi makumi maviri vakapfuma kwazvo pasi rose maererano neForbes. Isu tinofara chaizvo nehupenyu hwomuridzi - muvambi wemakambani makuru ekupfeka Rosalia Mera (Inditex, ane zita reZara) uye Juliana Benetton. Vose vavo vane 2.9 mabhiriyoni. "Mukadzi akabudirira kwazvo munyika yehutano yeUnited States" - Margaret Whitman, uyo aiva CEO weBay kubva muna 1998 kusvika muna 2008 - akawana 1,6 biriyoni nekuda kwebasa rake rebhizimisi.Mazita emabhiriyoniyoni maviri anozivikanwa kunyika yose: Mutauriri weTV Oprah Winfrey naJoanne Rowling, avo vanonyanya kufanana nechinangwa che "Cinderella", naHarry Potter sechinda.
Mutonge bhiriyoni kubva kumurume wake
Pakutanga kwezana remakore rekupedzisira, mukadzi haasi muUnited States, kana muEurope, kana muRussia aiva nekodzero dzeimba yemurume wake, uye kunyange nzira yekurambana yakava muedzo unorwadza. MuUk, somuenzaniso, mumwe wevakaroorana akaita se "mumiririri", ndiko kuti, kuratidzira kunzwisisika. Kana kupandukira kwechokwadi kwaisava, iyo iyo iyo iyo yakauya nokuda kwekurambana, yaifanira kuigadzira uye inoratidza pachena pamberi pedare. Iye zvino, mune dzimwe nyika dzakabudirira, mukadzi ane kodzero yehafu yenzvimbo yaakawana muwanano (kunze kwekunge pane zvakataurwa mubvumirano yemuchato). MuSoviet Union, "hafu yeiyo pamwe yakawana pfuma" kazhinji yaireva imwe kana imwe nehafu hafu muimba yekubatana kana hafu ye "Moskvich". Asi muRussia yemazuva ano, nhoroondo yacho yakasiyana chaizvo. Muenzaniso wezvakanakisisa kubudirira kwevakadzi vemazuva ano ndiko kurambana kwevana vana Abramovich muna 2007. Pakutanga, paiva nenhema yokuti Irina Abramovich, uyo akanga aberekera mudzimai wevana vashanu, aizowana hafu yefuma yake, kureva, anenge mabhiriyoni mashanu emadhora. Munyaya iyi, ndiyo inenge yakanyanya mari inosarura munhau. Zvisinei, chaizvoizvo, mari yacho yaive "yega" 300 mamiriyoni emadhora (kunyanya, 150 mamiriyoni mapaundi). Izvo, iwe unobvumirana, hazvisiwo zvakaipa, uchifunga kuti Irina, ataura zvakanaka nokuda kwekuroora nebasa romutaririkadzi, ave ave mudzimai weimba.
Vakadzi vekuAmerica vane zvakanakisisa zvinobudirira zvevakadzi vemazuva ano, vanowedzera mari yakawanda kubva kuvarume vavo. Nhoroondo yacho ndeyePhyllis Redstone - mushure mekudzidza pamusoro pekutengeswa, akatumira kurambana uye muna 2002 akatsigira murume wake, Sumner Redstone mhepfenyuro yemitambo, 1.8 mabhiriyoni emadhora. Nhau imwechete yakaitika pamwe nekuroorana kwaRupert Murdoch. Mukadzi wake wechipiri Anna Torv, akadzidza nezvenyaya yomurume wake nemumwe mushandi wechidiki Wendi Deng, akatanga kurambana uye akazogamuchira anenge 1.5 mabhiriyoni.