Mucherechedza wakakura ane zvikamu zviviri zvikuru: osteoid (organic matrix) uye hydroxyapatite (inorganic substance). Iosteoid inowanzobatanidzwa neprogrogen protein. Hydroxyapatite - dambudziko rakaoma, iro rinosanganisira calcium, phosphate (acidic phosphoric acid resiue) uye hydroxyl groups (OH). Mukuwedzera, rine ine magnesium. Muchigadzirwa chefupa rakagadziriswa, hydroxyapatite makristasi anoiswa mumatrikisi osteoid. Chikamu chekunze chepafu chinosanganisira dense cortical bone tissue; chimiro chemukati chinomiririrwa nemamwe mavara akazvidzivirira uye ane masero akawanda akazadzwa nemafuta matsvuku - mavara anobatanidzwa mukugadzirwa kwemasero eropa.
Kuchengeta pfupa
Haisi kora kana sopfuti bone inert. Kunyangwe mushure mekupedzwa kwekukura, vanochengetedza basa rekusanganisa uye rinogara richivakwazve. Izvi zvakarongeka nzira, umo zvikamu zvepfupa zvinoputika uye zvinotsiva nemhuka itsva, zvinodiwa kuchengetedza utano hwetema. Kuumbwa kwemapfupa emapfupa kunotungamirirwa nemasero anozivikanwa - osteoblasts. Vanogadzira osteoid uye vanopa maumbirwo e hydroxyapatite. Nokuda kwekugadzirisa kwemafupa emapfupa, masero anonzi osteoclasts anoshanda.
Zvirwere zvepfupa
Ifupa rinogona kukanganisa nehutano hwakawanda hwehutano. Iyo inogona kuputsika nenzira (kuputsika), inowanzova nzvimbo yekuwana mishonga yechipiri (kunyanya mumuti wekamu, mapapu uye prostate), bone metabolism inogonawo kuvhiringidzika. Iko kune dzakawanda zvirwere zvemasanganisi ezvirwere. Osteoporosis ndiyo mamiriro ekurasikirwa panguva imwechete ye osteoid uye mineral inhengo yemapfupa inoitika. Izvi zvinowanzoitika nekukwegura, asi neesrogen inoshaiwa kuvakadzi pakuguma kwemwedzi inonyanya kukurumidzirwa. Chikonzero chikuru chekusimudzira osteoporosis ndiko kusanzwisisana pakati pehuwandu hwekuparadzwa nekuumbwa kwemapfupa emapfupa. Chinonyanya kukosha ndechokuderera kwemafupa emapfupa, kutengesa kumapapiro (kunyanya mahudyu, mazamu uye miviri yakadzika), iyo inowanzokonzerwa nekukuvadzwa zviduku.
Osteomalacia
Apo osteomalacia, kuderera kwemapfupa kunotambudzwa, semugumisiro wavanoderedza uye kunogona kupera, zvichikonzera kurwadziwa kwakanyanya kana kuputika. Osteomalacia inowanzobatanidzwa nekushayikwa kwevhitamini D kana kushungurudzika kwemasimetri ayo, zvichiita kuti urege kushaya calcium kuti uite mapfupa. Iyo inobatwa nekugadzwa kwe vitamini D uye kugadzirira calcium.
Paget's disease
Ichi chipfupa chirwere chinonyanya kukanganisa vakwegura. Chikonzero chacho hachina kujeka, asi chinozivikanwa kuti muchirwere ichi, basa reansteoclasts rinowedzera, izvo zvinoita kuti kukurumidza kwepafu resorption. Izvi, zvakare, zvinokurudzira kuumbwa kwemamwe mapfupa emapfupa, izvo, zvisinei, zvishoma uye zvishoma kuderera kupfuura pfupa. Pain in Paget's disease inokonzerwa nekutambanudza kweperiosteum, bhandi rinoputira kunze kwemafupa, zvakanyanya kubatwa nemarwadzo ekurwadziwa. Analgesics inoshandiswa kugadzirisa marwadzo, uye chirwere chacho pachacho chinogona kurapwa ne bisphosphonates, iyo inononoka pfupa resorption.
Renal osteodystrophy
Inoratidzirwa muvarwere vane kukanganisa kwechirwere chisingaperi. Chinonyanya kukosha muchirwere ichi ndiko kupera kwevhitamini D metabolism.Panguva yezvirongwa zvinenge zvichiitika muropa uye impso, vitamini D inoshandurwa ku calcitriol, hormone inodzora calcium absorption. Nekukundikana kusingaperi kwetsva, kugadzirwa kwe calcitriol kwakaderera. Mamiriro acho anobatwa nekugadzwa kwe calcitriol kana zvimwe zvinodhaka. Nzira dzakadai sa fluoroscopy, isotope kuongorora uye histological test ye bone tissue samples inokosha zvikamu zvepfupa chirwere chinorwara. Mashoko anokosha ekuongorora hutano pamusoro pezvirwere zvepfupa, kunze kweiyooporosis, inogona kuwanikwawo mune kuongorora ropa.
Kuyera ropa
Miedzo inonyanya kukosha ndeyekuyera kwehutachiwana mu plasma ye calcium uye phosphate, pamwe chete nebasa re alkaline phosphatase, enzyme inogadzirwa ne osteoblasts. Majekisi eCalcium mu plasma Kazhinji inowanzosiyana pakati pe 2.3 ne 2.6 mmol / l. Nhamba ye calcium inodzorwa nemahomoni maviri - capcitriol (aibva kuna vitamini D) uye hormone parathyroid. Iyo inoderera neine renal osteodystrophy, uyewo muzviitiko zvakawanda zve osteomalacia uye rickets. Mu osteoporosis uye chirwere chePaget, iyo yakagadziriswa ye calcium inochengetwa pamwero wakakwana (kunyange nechirwere chePaget, kana murwere asingagoni kudzika, anogona kusimudza). Kuwedzera kwekemikisi yemaplasma inowanikwa nehukuru hwe hyperparathyroidism (kazhinji inokonzerwa nechirwere chinorwara chezvinyorwa zvepathyroid). Hormone yeHarathyroid inobata maosteoclasts, asi zviratidzo zvezvirwere zvepfupa iri muchirwere ichi hazviwanzoitiki. Nhamba yepamusoro ye plasma calcium inowanzoonekwawo nevanorwara nekenza. Mune zvimwe zviitiko, izvi zvinokonzerwa nokuparadzwa kwepafu nemasitasisiti, mune vamwe nekuda kwepurogiramu nechomuviri wezvinhu zvakangofanana neparathyroid hormone (GPT peptides). Iyo yakawanda ye phosphate mu plasma inowanzomira pakati pe 0,8 uye 1.4 mmol / l. Kuwedzera kwekufungidzirwa kunowanikwa mukukundikana kwetsvina (apo kuiswa mu plasma ye urea uye creatinine, zvigadzirwa zvemetabolism, zvinowanzobudiswa kubva mumuviri nemuviri, zvakanyanya kuwedzerwa), uye zvakaderera - ne osteomalacia uye rickets. Ne chirwere chePaget uye osteoporosis, kukanganiswa kwephosphate mu plasma inowanzowanikwa mukati mekurara. Plasma alkaline phosphatase basa Kuwedzerwa kweiyi enzyme kunoonekwa mu osteomalacia, chirwere chePaget uye renalodystrophy renal. Nokurapa kwakanaka, inoderera. Kunyanya alkaline phosphatase inobatsira sechiratidzo chekubudirira kwemishonga muPaget's disease. Plasma alkaline phosphatase level inowedzerawo kune dzimwe zvirwere zvechiropa uye bile duct system, asi kazhinji munyaya iyi hapana dambudziko rekuongororwa.
Dzimwe kuongororwa ropa
Kana zvichidikanwa, kukanganiswa muropa revhitamini D kunogona kuyerwa.Zvikira pasi zvinoratidza osteomalacia kana rickets. Hapana chekuedzwa kunotsanangurwa pamusoro apa kunogona kuona osteoporosis, nokuti kusaenzana pakati pehuwandu hwekuumbwa uye kuparadzwa kwefupa uye izvi zvinowanzobudirira zvirwere zvishoma zvishoma. Kuongororwa kunogona kusimbiswa nekubatsirwa kwema-X-ray maitiro. Kazhinji pfupa bone pane radiographs inonyatsorondedzerwa, ne osteoporosis, mapfupa emapfupa anova maduku uye anotarisa mhepo mumufananidzo. Kuyera mapfupa emaminerari, imwe-photon X-ray densitometry nzira inoshandiswa iyo inogona kugutsikana nechivimbo kuti osteoporosis. Vanachiremba vari mukukurumidza kukurumidza nzira dzinoshandiswa kuti vazive vanhu vane osteoporosis kana avo vari pangozi yekuwedzera chirwere ichi, pamwe nekucherechedza kubudirira kwehutano.