Ndiyo chromosome yemakumi mana nemakumi mana inotakurwa nehupenyu hunotarisa zvepabonde: kana iri X chromosome, musikana achazvarwa kana Y achiri mukomana. Asi hazvisi zvinhu zvose zvakajeka kunyange panguva iyoyo yekukura, apo masero anogona kuverengwa paminwe. Vanhu vazhinji vanoonekwa munyika iyo isina ma kromosomes kana kuti ine ma kromosomes akawanda. Mukadzi wechikadzi nemurume muzvisikwa zvinonyanya kukoshesa maitiro ekuberekwa.
Nyanzvi dzinodana iyi chirwere chema polysemy. Nyaya inonyanya kukosha ndeyokuongorora uye imwe yeiyo X chromosome muvarume: kubva pa1 000 vakomana, 2 kusvika ku3 vanoberekwa nayo. Vakapedza testosterone yekugadzira. Dzimwe nguva izvi zvinotungamirira pakushaya simba, dzimwe nguva-kuonekwa kwechipiri chepabonde unhu hwemhando dzevakadzi, asi kazhinji mutakuri we "chromosome" yakawanda haangatombofungi nezvayo. Kune vakadziwo vasina chikamu chechipiri-chromosome - mukuyaruka, ivo vakanyanyisa shure mukukura kwavo kubva kune vezera ravo-kana kuti sevasingaoneki.
Maererano nekufungidzirwa kweAmerican biologist Anne Fausto-Sterling, 1.7% yevanhu vanozvarwa vane hutano hwakasiyana-siyana-hunoratidzika sehuwandu, asi muhuwandu iwo mamiriyoni evanhu.
Fausto-Sterling inonzi imwe yemabasa ayo anozivikanwa "Zvepabonde Zvishanu: Sei kupatsanurana kuva varume nevakadzi kwakakwana." Mune maonero ake, kunze kwevarume nevakadzi, zvakakosha kuti zvive zvakasiyana-siyana zvinonzi hermaphrodites, umo zviratidzo zvevari zvepabonde zvakaenzana zvakafanana (herm), kana kuti zvinotakura merm (merm) kanakadzi (ferm) mabasa uye zvikamu. Zvisinei, pane "dzimwe nzvimbo" nguva dzose: somuenzaniso, vanachiremba vekare vakanga vasingazivi chinhu nezvekromosomes, vakatenda kuti muchizvaro chevakadzi pane makamuri matatu-okubereka vakomana vakasiyana, vasikana nemakwenzi ake. Kuita zvepabonde nemadzimai muzvisikwa zvinoonekwa sevanhu vose, asi kunze kwevanhu - hermaphrodites.
Zvisinei, kunyange pasina chromosomal kuvhiringidzika, kugadzirisa zvepabonde inzira yakareba. Kuita zvepabonde kunoitika mumatanho akawanda, uye zvinetso zvinogoneka pane imwe neimwe. Mukuwedzera kune zvepabonde, chigonadal (chakaumbwa padanho rekuparadzaniswa kwegonads - nhengo dzomukati dzomukati), hormonal (zvichienderana nehutoni hwemashure uye hukuru hwe androgens kana estrogen), somatic (yakagadzirirwa nehutano hwepabonde) uye hurumende (yakanyorwa muchitendero chekuberekwa uye mamwe magwaro).
Mukuwedzera, vanotaurawo nezvemunda wemapfungwa - kuzviziva kwemunhu semurume kana mukadzi, kana kuoma kwakaoma kune zvimwe zvinhu. Vachishandisa kodzero imwe chete, vanosarudza kuchinja zvepabonde (somatic uye hormonal, uyewo vehurumende) vatengesi vezvepabonde kuitira kuti vabvumirane nehutano hwepanyama uye mukati mekuziva.
Tender for tender
Sei mukana wekusarudza kuzvimiririra, kuva murume kana mukadzi, wakaonekwa munguva ichangopfuura? Zvichida, nokuda kwezvikonzero zviviri zvinobatana. Kutanga, ndiko kushandiswa kwemuenzaniso wemhuri uye kuputika kwemaitiro evanhu vevanhu nevakadzi. Chechipiri, kuisa maitiro uye kubereka vana, kusataura nezvekugamuchirwa, kunobvumira mhuri kuzadza vakadzi vasina kuroorwa uye varume vanoita zvepabonde. Zvepabonde hazvisisiri "fate yakafanorongedzwa nemaitiro," sezvakaita Sigmund Freud. Isu tine mukana wekusarudza mhando yehutano inoratidzika yakasununguka kwatiri, pasinei nokuti inonzi "murume" here kana kuti "mukadzi." Uye apa pane rumwe rudzi rwepabonde - hukama hwepabonde, kana tete. Mukadzi wechikadzi uye mukomana mune zvakasikwa zvinokosha zvikuru.
Tender inosanganisira mararamiro anowanikwa muvarume kana vakadzi: "masculinity" kana "vakadzi" mune zvakanoreva mazwi aya. Nzira dzakasiyana-siyana dzakasiyana dzinosiyana zvichienderana nemafungiro anowanika munharaunda. Semuenzaniso, muEurope mabhuku akasiyana-siyana ezana remakore rechi18, pfungwa yehumumunhu yakasanganisira kwete chete kukwanisa kubata munondo, asiwo kupisa mumunda wezvipfeko uye zvinonhuwira. Pasingazvizivi, "maAmazoni matsva" emazuva ano anokwanisa kuchinja maitiro avo ehutano kakawanda panguva yemasikati: pamagetsi emotokari mumushambadziro wemotokari kana pamusangano unoshanda unoratidzika zvakasiyana kwazvo, dzimwe nguva "unfeminine" unhu, panzvimbo yekodhi rakanaka kana kufamba nemwana. Zvisinei, kare kare kusava nechokwadi kwakaratidzwa kuti utsinye uye chiremera ndiwo chikamu chinokosha che "masculinity", uye "vakadzi" ndeyounyoro uye kushamwaridzana.
Panewo mavhareji ehurukuro yehutano hwepabonde - bigender. Izvo zvakagadzirwa nevanhu vanozviona semunhu, semukadzi, uye, maererano nekudaro, kuchinja maitiro, nzira yekutaura uye kunyange lexicon. Pakati pevasikana vaduku, kunyanya vamiririri vehurumende dzisina kukodzera, unogona kusangana nevaya vanozvitaura ivo pachavo mumurume ("Ini ndakati", "Ndakaenda"), kwete kuva vatengesi kana vatsibi. Chikadzi guruenderry panzvimbo inosimbisa kuti isu hatisi zvachose takasununguka netsika dzevafundisi: "Kuedza kutaura uye kuzvibata sechisimba chakasimba, vakadzi vanoziva zvisingazivikanwi basa rakanaka kune ivo pachavo, iro riri munharaunda yechizvarwa murume."
Tinodzidza mienzaniso yehutano hwepabonde muhuduku kana tine ruzivo rwehutano hwedu. Panguva ino, kudzidza kunotanga nehutano hwakakosha mune maonero evabereki vedu, vakomana kana vasikana: yekutanga motokari yemotokari, yechipiri - mune zvidhori, yekutanga haafaniri kuchema, yechipiri - kurwisana ... Asi kunze kwekuparadzirwa kwehutano hwemadzimai mumashoko, vabereki vanokurera vana vavo pachavo muenzaniso uyo vana vanodzidza nekukurumidza: "Sezvo amai nababa vanoita nenzira iyi, zvinoreva kuti zvakanaka." Mushure mezvose, amai vari mumufananidzo wemwana mufananidzo weChiratidzo chaMukadzi, uye baba veMunhu Akanaka.
Ndezvipi zvingaita kuti vanhukadzi vave vakadzi? Vasikana vakadaro vanowanzokurira mumhuri ine amai vane simba uye baba vasina simba, uye vanotora tsika yakadai seyero chete. Mushure mezvo, vanogona kuedza kupinda muhutano nevarume, asi sezvo vachiendesa mufananidzo wavo vakadzidza muhuduku hwavo kune hukama hwavo, vanowanzosarudza ivo vakaroorana nababa vavo uye vakaodzwa mwoyo nevarume vose. Tinogona kunzwisisa zvakawanda pamusoro pedu nemafungiro edu pamusoro pemafungiro evanhukadzi, kana tichiyeuka zviito zvakaratidzwa nababa naamai, kana vamwe vakuru vakakosha.
Zvechokwadi , inenge hupi hupi hupi hunobuda mumashoko anongoratidzirwa e "murume" uye "mukadzi" anokwanisa kunzi "wechitatu wepabonde" - uye kuratidzwa kwaro kune zvakawanda kupfuura zvingaratidzika. Mazuva ano haadi kuti isu tive "vakadzi" sekondi imwe neimwe. Kunyanya kakawanda tinoda kuva vanhu vakarurama. Nyika iri kuenderera mberi mukuziva kwepasi pose kuti chinhu chikuru hachisi icho chiri pakati pemakumbo ako, asi chii chiri pakati penzeve dzako.