Nezvenyaya yevanhu, pane kuchinja kunoshamisa mukufunga kwekuwedzeredza. MuMiddle Ages, somuenzaniso, yaifungidzirwa sechinhu chinoratidzirwa chekusimudzira hukama hwevanhu. Mukadzi akazara aiva muenzaniso wehutano uye zvepabonde, uye kuderera munyaya iyi hakuwanzoita kuti tive nematambudziko ekufungidzira. Parizvino, zvisinei, nekuda kwehutano hwehutano, hutano hunotsanangurwa seimwe yezvinetso zvakakomba zvemagetsi. Kuwedzera kwehutano sechinetso chevanhu vemazuva ano ndicho chirevo chekutaurirana kwemazuva ano.
Chii chinorema?
Kuwedzera muviri kunogona kurondedzerwa sehupfumi, inoratidzirwa mune zvisiri izvo zve triglycerides mumatutu ane mafuta ane maitiro asina kunaka pamuviri. Iko ndiko kuti, kwete kuzadza kose kuwedzera. Sezvo kuenzanisa kwakakwana kwemafuta emuviri kunokwidzidza kunodhura uye kusingawanikwi, nzira inowanzogadziriswa yekugadza kurema, iyo inonzi "muviri mashizha index", yakagamuchirwa mumunda wehutano. Ukama huri pakati pehutano hwomunhu mumakirogiramu uye kukwirira mumamita mune chikwereti chinotsanangurwa kumaiva kure 1896 A. Quetelet uye yakasimudza kugadzirwa kwehurongwa mukuru wekuverenga nhamba yehosi:
Kuderera kwemuviri - pasi pe18.5 kg / m 2
Optimum uremu - 18,5 - 24,9 kg / m 2
Kuwandisa - 25 - 29.9 kg / m 2
Kuwedzera kwehuputi 1 degree - 30 - 34.9 kg / m 2
Obesity 2 degree - 35 - 39.9 kg / m 2
Kuwedzerwa muviri 3-degree - kupfuura 40 kg / m 2
Muna 1997, World Health Organization (WHO) yakagadzirisa zviyero zvinorema zvinowirirana maererano neshoko iri. Asi masayendisiti akacherechedza kuti chiratidzo ichi hachipi chero ruzivo rwehuwandu hwemafuta, uye zvinotonyanya kukosha, iyo inowanikwa mumuviri. Izvozvi, ichi ndicho chinhu chinonyanya kukosha mukukura kwekuneta. Kugoverwa kwenharaunda yeadipose tissue chinhu chinokosha chekuziva huwandu hwekuwedzeredza, kuisa nguva uye kuoma kwekuratidzwa kwezvirwere zvinokonzera. Kuunganidza mafuta mumudumbu, iyo inozivikanwa seAroid (pakati, masume) inobatanidza nekuwedzera kukuru muhutano hwehutano, hukuru kupfuura hutsika dzevakadzi hwekuneta. Nokudaro, tsanangudzo yemuviri mashizha index inowanzowirirana nekuyera chiuno chivere. Yakawanikwa kuti mutumbi wehutu hukuru ≥ 25 kg / m 2 pamwe chete nechiuno chechiuno ≥ 102 cm muvarume uye ≥88 cm muvakadzi zvikuru inowedzera mukana wezvinetso. Pakati pavo: arterial hypertension, dyslipidemia (isina simba lipid metabolism), atherosclerosis, insulin resistance, rudzi rwechipiri chirwere cheshuga, cerebral stroke uye myocardial infarction.
Nhamba dzekutapisa munyika
Nhamba yehutano hwekuneta huri kukura pasi rose nekukurumidza kukurumidza, kusvika kuhutachiona hwehutano. Dambudziko rekuwedzera kwehutano hwemazuva ano rave rakakurumidza - pamusoro pemakore makumi maviri akapfuura. Maererano nehuwandu hwematongerwo enyika, iye zvino vanhu vanosvika mamiriyoni 250 vari pasi pano vanoonekwa kuti vanorema uye 1.1 mabhiriyoni inopfuura kuwandisa. Izvi zvinotungamirira kukuti gore ra2015, zviratidzo izvi zvichakura kusvika mamirioni 700 uye 2.3 mabhiriyoni evanhu, maererano. Kunyanya kunetseka ndekuwedzera kwehuwandu hwevana vanoderera pasi pezera remakore mashanu - zvinopfuura mamiriyoni mashanu munyika yose. Uyewo kunetseka ndiko kuwanda kwechirongwa chechitatu kuneta (≥ 40 kg / m 2 ) - yakawedzera inenge inenge 6 pamakore gumi apfuura.
Munyika yeEurope, kuneta kunobata 50% uye kuwandisa - inenge 20 muzana yevanhu, neCentral neEastern Europe - nzvimbo dzakanyanya kunetseka. MuRussia, mamiriro acho akaoma zvikuru - anenge 63% evarume uye 46% yevakadzi muzera rezvematongerwo enyika vanobatwa nehuwandu hwehuwandu, asi 17% ne19%, maererano, zvakanyanya. Nyika ine nhamba yakakwirira yekuneta panyika - Nauru (Oceania) - 85% yevarume uye 93% yevakadzi.
Chii chinotungamirira kukura kwekuneta
Kuwedzera muviri kunopesana nekusingaperi kwemetabolism, semugumisiro wekubatana kwakakomba kwekusagadzikana (maitiro ezvibonde, hormonal balance) zvinhu uye kunze kwemamiriro. Chikonzero chikuru chekusimudzirwa kwayo kunofungidzirwa kuchengetedza simba rakakwana nekuda kwekuwedzera simba rekushandisa, kushandiswa kwesimba kushandiswa kana kusanganiswa kwezvinhu zviviri. Sezvo simba guru revanhu kune mishonga, simba rekushandisa rinowanzobatanidzwa nekuita basa. Pasina kupedza basa rakakwana, simba rinopedzwa zvisina simba, zvinhu hazvisati zvanyatsogadziriswa zvakanaka, izvo zvinozopedzisira zvaita kuti uwane kuwedzera, kuwedzera uye kukura kwezvirwere zvinokonzera.
Zvokudya zvinovaka muviri mu-etiology yekuneta
Kana makumi emakumi emakore akapfuura pane kusava nechokwadi pamusoro pekukosha kwekudya kunovaka muviri muhutano hwehutano hwemazuva ano, nhasi, munharaunda yemazuva ano, zvinoratidzwa kuti kudya kunokosha zvikuru pano. Zvokudya zvinotarisa zvinoratidza kuti pamusoro pemakore ekupedzisira makumi matatu nemakumi matatu, simba rekushandisa rimwe nerimwe rinowedzera, uye dambudziko iri richaramba riri mberi. Mukuwedzera, kuchinja kwehuwandu kunofambidzana nekuchinja kwehutano mukudya. Kushandiswa kwemafuta mumakore achangobva kupfuura kwakasimudza zvakasimba, sezvo mono-uye polyunsaturated fatty acids inobatsira "yakapa" kune yakazara mafuta acids. Panguva imwecheteyo, pane kusvetuka mumashandisi emashuga, uye kushandiswa kwemakinehydrates akaoma uye fiber zvakaderera. Zvokudya zvakakosha mumafuta uye zviri nyore ega-carbohydrates zvinoshandiswa kudya nekuda kwekunakirwa kwavo kwakanaka. Kunyange zvakadaro, vane chiremera chakanyanya kuzivikanwa uye kuwedzerwa kwehuwandu hwemagetsi (zviyero paunoyera uremu) - zvinhu zvinoita kuti nyore nyore kuwedzerwa simba uye kuwedzera kuneta.
Kukosha kwekuita basa
Kuenderera mberi kwehupfumi huri kukura, kurwisana kwechisimba kwekushanda nekuguta kunogona kuderedza kudiwa kwemabasa anoda kuedza muviri. Madzitateguru edu aisafanira kubhadhara basa rekunyama uye kutakura mitoro. Vakamanikidzwa kuita izvi nehupenyu pachahwo. Isu, tinogara mumaguta, tinoda kubhadhara mari yakawanda kuti tishanyire imwe nzvimbo yemazuva ano yekuvaka muviri kana dzimba rekugezera, kurovedza muviri kana kupedza chirongwa chekurapa. Zvichakadaro, kufamba kwakakosha pakuchengetedza chimiro chechimiro uye basa rose rinenge nhengo dzose uye zvirongwa mumuviri wedu. Kusavapo kwacho pasina zvikonzero zvakakodzera munguva pfupi kana kuti zvichizoita kuchinja kwechirwere muzvikamu uye mishonga yemuviri, kuhutano hwehutano uye nekukwegura kwokutanga.
Zvidzidzo zvakasiyana-siyana zvezvirwere zvakaratidza kuti mararamiro ehupenyu huzhinji anowanzobatanidzwa nekuwedzera kwehutano hwemagetsi, kunyanya, kudarika uye kuwedzera. Zvinofadza, kuti chiyero chekuderedza kushanda kwekuita kwekuita kwepanyama kunowedzera-kureva, kusasha kwekuita muviri kunounza kuwedzera kuwedzera, uye zvakaoma kune vanhu vane uwandu hwekuwedzera kunotanga kuita basa. Nokudaro, kuunganidza kuwedzera kwakakomba kunowedzera uye kunotungamirira pakuumbwa kwechinhu chinoshamisa chinotyisa. Iko kuwedzerwa simba kuwedzerwa uye kupera kwekuita basa rinoita chikonzero chekuona zvakasvike muhuwandu hwekuneta kwemazuva ano. Zvinotendwa kuti chikafu chine mugove mukuru wekutengesa, nokuti kuburikidza nayo tinokwanisa kuwedzera nyore nyore kuenzanisa kwakakwana kwesimba kudarika kuibhadhara gare gare kuburikidza nekuita basa.
Genetic kuneta uye hutano
Kunyange zvazvo kuneta kwepamusoro kunobata chikamu chenhaka, nzira chaiyo iri pasi payo haisati yanyatsonzwisiswa. Genetic "mazwi" ekunyanyisa kwevanhu zvakaoma kuparadzana, nokuti nhamba huru kwazvo yejenotype inoparadzaniswa pasi pesimba rekunze. Sayenzi inoziva mamiriro ekuti madzinza ose uye kunyange mhuri dzinowanzosvibiswa nekudisa zvakagadziriswa, asi zvichiri zvakaoma kutaura kuti iyi ndeyemadzinza zana, sezvo nhengo dzemapoka aya akadya zvokudya zvakafanana uye ane unyanzvi hwakafanana hwemotokari.
Zvidzidzo zvinotungamirirwa pakati pemapoka makuru evanhu vane kusiyana kwakasiyana mumutumbi wehuwandu huwandu uye huwandu hwemafuta, uyewo pakati pemapatya, zvinoratidza kuti 40% kusvika 70% yezvakasiyana-siyana zvakagadzirirwa kare. Mukuwedzera, zvizvarwa zvinoshandisa zvinosanganisa kunyanya kushandiswa kwesimba uye kushandiswa kwemakemikari. Parizvino, pasinei nekufambira mberi kwezesayenzi neukamazvirokwazvo, zvakaoma kutaura nenzeve kana ichi chiri chimiro chechimiro - kuora.
Kukosha kwemamwe mahomoni mune kukura kwekuneta
Muna 1994, zvakawanikwa kuti mafuta rudzi rwechirwere chekupedzisira. Kusunungurwa kweLeptin hormone (kubva muchiGiriki Leptos - pasi) inopa tariro yekuwanikwa kwechirwere kurwisa kuneta. Vazhinji masayendisiti vatanga kutsvaga mapeptidi akafanana mumasikirwo kuti azvipe muviri womunhu.
- Leptin ishomoni yeadipose tissue, iyo iri mumavhesi yepascular yakaenzana nehuwandu hwayo. Leptin inoshanda pane zvakagamuchirwa zvinowanikwa mu hypothalamus, izvo zvinotumira zviratidzo zvisinganzwisisi kuuropi. Anobvumira kuziva kana muviri wakagamuchira zvakaringana zvezvinhu kubva pakudya. Dzimwe nguva kuchinja kwejeni kunokonzerwa nekugadzirwa kweLeptin. Vanhu vanorwara nemutambo uyu vane low leptin vascular level uye vanogara vachinzwa kudiwa kwekudya zvokudya. Vanhu vanogara vachinzwa nzara uye, vachiedza kuzadza, ivo pachavo vanokanganisa kukura kwehutano hwakanyanya. Kupa leptin kubva kunze kune vanhu ava chinhu chinonyanya kukosha. Zvisinei, zvisinei, kazhinji, mune varwere vakawanda, pane dzakakwirira zve serumine leptin, asi panguva imwe chete, kudya kunowedzera zvikuru. Mune mamiriro ezvinhu akadaro, kushorwa uye kushandura leptin therapy hazvive nemigumisiro.
- Grelinate ihomoni yechipfuva chemuviri, iyo yaanoita yakafanana neyeeptin. Inotsanangurwa sehomoni ye nzara. Nhamba yake inomuka vasati vadya uye inoderera pakarepo mushure mekudya. Grelinate inoshandiswa kukura mushonga unorwisana nekuneta kunorega kusabvumira kuti inosvika kumagamuchirwa mukati memutambo wenheyo uye kuita nzara. Kakawanda nekuwedzerwa, kunzwa uku kunopera kuva nhema, saka zviri nani kuti urege kuwana hosha yehomoni kuuropi zvachose. Uyu ndiwo mukana wemurwere ane hutano hwakanyanya kutanga kutungamirira hupenyu huripo.
- Peptide YY imwe imwe hormone inobatanidzwa mukudya kwekudya. Yakagadzirwa munzvimbo dzakasiyana dzembudzi duku uye huru mushure mekudya, iyi hormone inopedzisira ichideredza kubuda kwemudumbu, nokudaro kunatsiridza kudyiwa uye kuwedzerwa kwezvimiti uye kunowedzera kunzwa kweropa. Vanhu vanotambura nekuninipiswa vane mazana mashoma eYY peptide. Yakawanikwa kuti kushandiswa kwezvokudya nekumwa zvakapfuma mumapuroteni, kunowedzera secretion ye peptide YY uye kunowedzera kunzwa kweropa.
- Adiponectin imwe imwe hormone inogadzirwa muadipose tissue, iyo inogona kuita kuti kuwedzerwa kuneta. Kunyange zvazvo basa rayo mumuviri risina kuongororwa zvizere, zvinoratidzwa zvakajeka kuti varwere vanotambura nekuwedzerwa, vane hutsika hwakanyanya hwe adiponectin uye zvakasiyana-siyana - mushure mekuderera kwehutano hwehuviri, huwandu hwayo hunowedzera. Ongororo dzakaitwa pabazi re laboratory dzakaratidza kukurumidza kurasikirwa kwehuremu mushure mekushandiswa kwekunze kwe adiponectin. Pamberi pematambudziko pamusoro pevanhu, zvakadaro, mibvunzo yakawanda inofanira kupindurwa.
Nei kuora mwoyo kwakadai sechirwere chikuru?
Izvo zvinoreva rubatsiro rwekuninipiswa zvinotarirwa kwete kwete chete nehutachiona hunopisa, hwakasvika pakati pehuwandu hwevanhu, asiwo hutano hwehutano huripo. Zvechokwadi, ukama huri pakati pehuwandu hwehuwandu, huputa uye kutadza kusati kwave kwakaratidza. Uyezve, kuneta ndeimwe yezvakakosha zvekurovedza mune zvepathogenesis yehuwandu hwezvirwere hunoita huwandu hwehupfumi hwehuwandu hwepasi uye hunotungamirira kukuremara nekuremara. Maererano nehupfumi hwemashoko, zvinosvika 7 kubva muzana zvekushandiswa kwemari kune hutano mune dzimwe nyika dzakabudirira zvinopiwa kurapwa nemigumisiro yekuderedza. Izvozvi, chiyero ichi chinogona kuva kechipiri kakawanda, sezvo dzakawanda zvezvirwere zvakashata zvisina kukodzera zvakabatana zvingangodaro zvisina kuiswa mubhuku. Heano zvimwe zvezvirwere zvinowanzokonzerwa nekudisa, pamwe nekuwedzerwa kwengozi iyo inobatsira pakukura kwavo:
Zvirwere zvinowanzoitika zvinokonzerwa nokuneta:
Nengozi inowedzera yakawedzera | Dambudziko rakanaka | Zvishoma kuwedzera ngozi |
Hypertension | Zvirwere zvepfungwa | Cancer |
Dyslipidaemia | Osteoarthritis | Kutambudzika shure |
Insulin kushorwa | Gout | Kukura kwekukanganisa |
Diabetes mellitus type 2 Kurara kuputika Gallstone chirwere | Asthma |
Kuwedzera muviri kune chirwere chisingaperi chisinganzwisisiki nemigumisiro yakakomba yehutano. Kunyange zvazvo kusvika pamwero wakakonzerwa nekugadzirwa kwezvakaberekwa, maitiro ekuita, kunyanya, kudya kunovaka muviri uye kuita zvekuita, inobata basa rinokosha mukuraira kwemaiology. Saka kuonekwa kwekurema kwakanyanya kana kunyanya kuderera - izvi zvose zvichange zvichinyanya kutarisa isu pachedu, uye zvimwe zvose zvinongova chikonzero.