Chii chinokonzerwa ne placebo: imwe nzira yokurapa kana kunyengedza kuduku? Uyu mubvunzo unobvunzwa nemasayendisiti nemaphilistines anozivikanwa kwemakore mazhinji. Kushandiswa kwepa placebo mumakororo echechipatara hakusi yatsva, asi sei pfungwa iyi yakapinda zvakasimba muupenyu hwedu? Uye zvinokonzerwa nei "mushonga" uyu? Uye uyu mushonga zvachose here? Mhinduro kune idzi nemimwe mibvunzo pamusoro pepa placebo inowanikwa pasi apa.
Izwi rokuti "placebo" rinobva panzvimbo yeLatini - "kufanana neni," asi zvinoreva neshoko iri chirwere kana zvimwe zvinenge zvisingagoni kuporesa, asi zvinotevedzera kurapa. Kana murwere achifunga kuti kurapwa kwakagadzwa nachiremba kunoshanda uye saka kuchiporesa, iyi ndiyo "placebo effect". Izvi zvinoshamisa mumaketani makuru ezvehutano akazozivikanwa pakuguma kwezana remakore re XVII. Zvisinei, nemigumisiro ye placebo, madzitateguru edu akare akanga aziva. Saka, muEgypt yekare, poda yakawanda yaionekwa semushonga wepasi rose, iyo yakaratidzwa nevaporesi vemunharaunda mune imwe nyaya yakasarudzika seyakagadzirirwa zvakagadzirirwa. Uye muMiddle Ages zvinangwa zvekurapa zvinowanzoshandiswa nemakumbo emakumbo, nettle yakaunganidzwa mumakuva pamwedzi wakakwana, kana moss kubva padhehenya romunhu akafa. Zvechokwadi mumazuva iwayo kwaizova nenhamba yakawanda yevarwere vaigona kutaura kuti zvakadini vakabatsirwa nemishonga iyi yose.
Kuvhura kwezana remakore
Inofungidzirwa kuti chidzidzo chakakomba chemaitiro e placebo chakatanga muUnited States munguva yeHondo Yenyika Yechipiri. Zvipatara zvepamberi zvakange zvisingakoshi painkillers uye zvinodhaka. Akavimbiswa zvakare kuti jekiseni remagadzirirwo ehupenyu rinoshanda kune varwere pamwe chete morphine, anesthesiologist Henry Beecher, kudzokera kumusha, neboka revamwe vaibva kuHarvard University vakatanga kudzidza chiitiko ichi. Akaona kuti pakutora nzvimbo, 35% yevarwere vakawana ruzivo rwakawanda apo panzvimbo yemishonga inowanzogara yezvirwere zvakasiyana-siyana (kukwezva, postoperative uye musoro, kusagadzikana, nezvimwewo), vakagamuchira nzvimbobo.
Ikoko nzvimbo inobatsira haisi kurega kutora mishonga, inogona kuonekwawo nemamwe marudzi ekurapa. Saka, makore makumi mashanu adarika, nyanzvi yemutauro weChirungu Aeonard Cobb akaita chiitiko chakasiyana. Akaita chirwere chakakurumbira zvikuru mumakore iwayo kutora mwoyo kusakundikana - kuisa mishonga mbiri kuti kuwedzere kubuda kweropa kumwoyo. Dhiyabhorosi Cobb panguva yekushanda haana kuisa mabheti, asi aingoita zviduku zvishoma pachifuva chomurwere. Kunyengera kwake kwesayenzi kwakabudirira zvikuru zvokuti vanachiremba vakasiya zvachose nzira yekare yekurapa.
Uchapupu hweSayenzi
Nyanzvi dzakawanda dzinofunga kuti nzvimbo iyo yakavanzika inonyanya kuzvidzora, uye vamwe vanoiisa par par ne hypnosis. Zvisinei, makore matatu akapfuura, masayendisiti anobva kuYunivhesiti yeMichigan akaratidza kuti nzvimbo ye-placebo ine maitiro europhysiological. Iko kuedza kwakaitwa pavadzidzi vanozvipira, avo vakabvuma nzira inorwadza - kuiswa kwesarine solution mujaya. Mushure mechinguva, zvikamu zvavo zvakapiwa painkillers, uye zvikamu-placebo. Vose vatori vechikamu mukuedza avo vaitarisira kupiwa mishonga uye vakagamuchira pacifier vakatanga kushandiswa kwekugadzirwa kwe endorphin, inoratidzika yehutano hwemhuka inodzivirira kunzwa kwevatori vemarwadzo uye inodzivisa kupararira kwekunzwa kusingafadzi. Vatsvakurudzi vakapatsanidza varwere kuti vaite "zvishoma nezvishoma" uye "vanoita zvekare", umo marwadzo akaderera nevanopfuura 20%, uye vakaratidza kuti vanhu vakaita kune placebo vaiva neukwaniso hwakakosha hwehuropi kuzvitonga. Kunyangwe zvisingabviri kutsanangura kusiyana uku nehutano.
Iyo inoshanda sei
Vazhinji vemazuva ano vanachiremba vanototanga kufunga nezvenzvimbo yepa placebo munzira dzavo. Mukuona kwavo, kubudirira kwe placebo kunoenderana nezvinhu zvakawanda.
1. Mhando yemishonga. Itafura yacho inofanira kuva yakashata uye ingave yakakura chaizvo kana yakawanda zvikuru. Mishonga yakasimba inofanirwa kuva nemigumisiro yakaipa, yakadai seyeusaa, chizuru, musoro, kuneta. Zvakanaka, apo mishonga inodhura, mune bhokisi rakajeka, uye zita rechiratidzo iri pane nzeve dzevanhu vose.
2. Nzira isina kujairika. Kushandiswa kwakasimba, kushandiswa kwemamwe zvinhu uye maitiro zvinokurumidzira kurapa. Izvi munguva dzakawanda zvinotsanangura kubudirira kwezvimwe nzira dzakasiyana.
3. Mukurumbira wechiremba. Mishonga ipi neipi inotorwa kubva mumaoko echiremba anozivikanwa anozivikanwa, purofesa kana mudzidzisi, nekuti vazhinji vachave vanobudirira zvikuru kupfuura imwechete yakagadzirwa mumakiriniki emunharaunda. Chiremba akanaka, asati agadza "dummy", anofanirwa kuteerera kwenguva refu kumhan'arwere omurwere, kuratidza tsitsi kune zviratidzo zvisingaoneki uye edza kumuvimbisa nenzira dzose mukubudirira kwerapa.
4. Mamiriro ehupenyu hwemurwere. Iko kunonzi placebo-inopindirana zvikuru pakati peproverts (vanhu vane manzwiro anotungamirirwa kunze). Varwere vakadaro vanozvidya mwoyo, vanovimba, vakagadzirira kubvumirana navanachiremba mune zvose. Panguva imwecheteyo, placebo-zvisingabatsiri midziyo inowanikwa pakati pekutaura (vanhu vanotungamirirwa mukati mavo), vanofungira uye vanofungira. Chinhu chakanyanya kugadziriswa kune placebo chinopiwa neurotics, uyewo nevanhu vane kuzvidzora, kwete kuzvivimba, vanoda kutenda zvishamiso.
Dzimwe nhamba
Maererano neMichigan Research Center, nzvimbo ye-placebo inonyanya kuzivikanwa mukurapwa kwemusoro - 62%, kuora mwoyo - 59%, kutonhora - 45%, rheumatism - 49%, marashi - 58%, matumbo emukati - 58 %. Kurapa mucheche kana zvirwere zvakanyanya zvehutachiwana nehuwandu hwemasimba ehuwandu hahuna kubudirira, asi mafungiro akanaka pashure pokutora placebo dzimwe nguva anobatsira kuvandudza mamiriro ezvinhu kunyange mumatambudziko akaoma. Izvi zvinonyatsosimbiswa nekugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvipenyu.
CHINANGWA MUTEME:
Alexey KARPEEV, Mukuru Mukuru we Federal Federal Center yeChidzidzo cheMitambo Yezvekurapa
Zvechokwadi, nzvimbo iyo inokonzerwa haisi yeruzivo, asi chokwadi chisinganzwisisike. Pamusana pokushandiswa kwakadzama kwepa placebo mune zvidzidzo zvekliniki, iri kutowedzera zvakasimba muhupenyu hwedu. Zvidzidzo zvehupenyu hwayo hwemagariro ehupenyu zvinowanikwa mune masayenzi akawanda ekutsvakurudza masayenzi enyika, kuitira kuti kuguma kwekupedzisira kwechiitiko ichi hachisi kure. Inoramba iri mubvunzo wakasununguka pamusoro pekururama kwekushandiswa kweiyo nzira, pamwe chete nemikana yaro. Chiremba anotarisana nechinetso chetsika: chii chinonyanya kukosha - pakarepo anotanga kurapa murwere kana kutanga kumunyengera kuitira kuti munhu aedze kuzvidzivirira pachake? Kunyange zvazvo vana vanopfuura 50% vechiremba vanobvuma kuti vanoshandisa nzvimbo iyo inobatsira mukurapa kwavo mune imwe nzvimbo. Zvakare, iyo placebo effect haikwanise kuporesa zvirwere zvakakomba. Mishonga yemazuva ano inoziva zviitiko zvekuporesa vanhu, somuenzaniso, muchitatu chechitatu chekenza, asi pano isu tiri kutaura pamusoro pehupenyu hweunhu mumwechete uye kukwanisa kwemuviri kuzvitora. Nekubatsira kwe-placebo effect, zvinogoneka kuderedza marwadzo, kupa murwere tariro yekuwedzera upenyu, kumupa iye huwandu hwekunyaradza, kwete kungofanana nepfungwa. Ichi chinoshamisa chinokonzera kuonekwa kunofanirwa kuchinja munharaunda yevarwere, saka kushandiswa kwayo mumakiriniki anoita zvinogamuchirwa kana zvisingakuvadzi murwere.