Kana karapuzik ichangoberekwa inopesana kwemaawa maviri mushure, kana kana munhu ane makore matatu ane utsinye ari kutotadza, Amai kana baba vanoseka vachinyatsotaurirana vachiti: "Idzi zvose ndezvenzira dzemhuri yako!" Zvechokwadi, majini anosarudza kana isiri dzose, saka zvakawanda. Nokudaro, zvose ruvara rwebvudzi, uye kutemwa kwemaziso, uye mutemo wemuviri, uye kunyange humwe unhu hunoita, munhu muduku, achida kana kuti asingazivi, nhaka. Kufurira izvi, neruremekedzo kana nhamo, munhu haakwanisi (kukonzera vanhu uye kupindira mu "mano aMwari" pachigarire chekuberekwa kwehupenyu hutsva zvinorambidzwa nemutemo). Zvisinei, pane zviitiko apo pasina ruzivo rwema geneticist kuonekwa kwomwana ane utano kunoiswa pasi pemubvunzo mukuru ... Saka, kushanyira "vatongi vejeni", amai nababa vane zvikonzero zvinomwe ...
1. Kugadzirira pamuviri
Iye zvino vakawanda vakaroorana vechidiki, vachiri kungoisa chikumbiro kuhofisi yebazi, vari kuronga nguva yekuonekwa mumhuri yavo yechibereko chiduku cherudo. Kunyange zvazvo nguva ino ichisvika, amai namazuva anouya vanonyanya kunetseka kuti mwana wavo nechiratidzo cheZodiac inofanira kunge iri Capricorn (Lion, Aquarius ...) uye mumiriri weaida - ane simba kana kuti akanaka-zvepabonde. Chero, kupa chikamu chekuongorora ropa kana kutarisana ne geneticist, kutaura, sekutonga, hakuendi. Kana zvinopfuurira, kana pane kutotanga kubatwa nemubereki kana kutakura pamuviri. Sei hofisi yechiremba wei geneticist ichipfuura? Zvinotyisa? Tenda nokutenda. Zvisinei, muzvokwadi, hapana chinhu chinotyisa mukurapa mazita ekurapa, asi pakati penyu, pakati pehuwandu hwe "nhau dzinotyisa" dzekusununguka, hakuzovi nechikonzero chekushamiswa kwakanyanya.
The geneticist ichaita pedigree, sarudza kana mhuri yako iri pangozi yezvirwere zvinotambura, uye inokurudzira kuti iwe uite zvidzidzo zvakakosha kuti udzivirire maitiro ekugadzirisa mararamiro mune ramangwana mwana. Zvinowanzoitika kuti kunyange mubereki uyo akachengetedzeka kubva pakuona kwehutano anogona kuwana "kusashanda," uye mwana ane utano hwakanaka, hunenge huri kuratidzika, hahugoni kutyisidzira chero chinhu, pasi pesimba rezvimwe zvekunze, zviitiko zvinotarisana nekuputswa kwekuzvarwa. Nokudaro, basa rejenistist harisi kungobvunza vabereki nezvemararamiro evanhu, asiwo kuziva kuti pane zvinokuvadza muupenyu hwevamwe amai uye vanababa vanogona kukanganisa hutano hwemwana wavo asati aberekwa (somuenzaniso, kusvibiswa kwemhepo, kushanda nemakemikari reagents uye zvichingodaro), uye kugadzirisa mikana yekuberekwa kwecheche ine imwe kana imwe chirwere. Zvinosuruvarisa, vabereki vane utano hwakanaka vari kuronga mwana vasati vashoma chaizvo kutaridzirwa kune vanonzi geneticists, uye, chaizvoizvo, maererano ne medstatistiki, kunyange mumhuri mbiri dzakakwana, njodzi yokuva nemwana ane chromosomal breakage iri 5-10%. Kana mhuri ikasawira mu nhamba iyi, inoratidzika shoma. Uye kana ikarohwa?
2. Hazvibviri kubata mwana kana kutsungirira pamuviri
Dzimwe nguva mahofisi ezve genetics yemhuri dzakadaro ndiyo yekupedzisira. Vanodzokera kwaari, vachingopinda mumamiriro ezvinhu asina tariro. Mafungiro akasimba, uye kana mukadzi asina vana kwenguva yakareba kana kuti pane kuora mwoyo nguva dzose, hama dzinozvidza mhosva pamusoro pemukadzi ... Chinhu chakaipisisa apo mukadzi pachake anotanga kutenda kuti "haakwanisi kuva nehutano hwakanaka" uye anozvidzivirira netariro yekuva amai. Kakawanda, dambudziko rose nderokuti maitiro asina kuenzana mumumvuri (iyo gomet inoumbwa nekusanganiswa kwemai nababa vanoita zvepabonde masikati) inotungamirira kukura uye kurambwa kweiyo fetal panguva yakatanga kufambira mberi (mumazuva ekutanga kana maawa apfuura mushure mekuberekwa). Uye izvi hazvikwanisi kutambidzana nekunonoka mumwedzi uye mwedzi uye pangave pasina zviratidzo zvepamuviri. Dzimwe nguva vakaroorana vanogona kupedza makore vachiongororwa uye vanorapa kusabereka kana kupererwa kwepamuviri, pasina kufunga kuti chikonzero chikuru chekukundikana kwezvinhu zvose ndizvo chaizvo zvinokonzera maitiro. Kuongororwa kwechirongwa kune chiremba wezvechiremba uye kuongorora maitiro ekudzivirira panguva yekuzvitakura kuchajekesa mamiriro asina kujeka uye kubatsira kugadzirisa kukakavadzana. Nokuda kwechikonzero ichi, vanotarisira vabereki vanowanzopiwa kuenzana kweropa rekutsanangurira rudzi rwe karyo. Uye chidzidzo chekushandira chromosome chinhu chakafanana, nokuti mwana anowana hafu yemakromosomes kubva kuna amai vake, uye wechipiri - kubva papa.
3. Zera ramangwana amai - makumi matatu, uye mapapa - makumi mashanu
Zvinofanira kuonekwa kuti kunyange zvazvo nguva yekuberekwa yevakadzi vemazuva ano yakawedzera kusvika makore makumi mana, uye mazwi okutanga "ekare ekare" kuvana vakwegura vanopfuura makumi maviri akangosiya chikwangwani chechiremba kunyange navanachiremba vane ruzivo rwakakanganisika, nguva inenge isingakanganwiki - mazai echikadzi anokwegura. Mushure mezvose, ivo vakuru kudarika muviri wemukadzi ... ... 4.5 mwedzi uye mu "chimiro" ichi chinorarama uye chakakura mumuviri wake munguva yose yekurera. Spermatozoa inorodzwa mazuva ose makumi mapfumbamwe nemakumi manomwe nemakumi matanhatu. Saka, zvinoitika kuti zera rinokwegura nekuda kwezera ravo harisi nguva dzose kubata ne "mitoro" yepamusoro-soro-dambudziko rekuchinja-mhanya kunowedzera nezera. Genetics inoshanda nematanho akaoma: kune zvizvarwa 900 zvevakadzi vane makore 25 vane mwana mumwe ane chirwere chepasi, uyo ane makore makumi matatu nematatu ane dambudziko rekuva nemwana ane chirwere chakadaro, zvinosuruvarisa, anowedzera katatu ... Asi kuberekwa pazera remakore makumi maviri nemashanu kana kupfuura kunyanya kunyatsotarisa, nokuti kuputika kwekromosome kunobata vana vese vanoberekwa makumi maviri nemana. Izvi hazviiti zvachose pamusoro pechido uye kukwanisa kweamai, avo vanopfuura makumi mana, kuti vave nepamuviri uye vane mwana. Kungodzivisa kukanganisa kunorwadza, zvakakosha kushanyira genetics nenguva nekuteerera mazano ayo.
4. Zvikamu zvekudzidzira pamuviri
Kuberekwa kwave kwatozvitsanangura pachako nemaitiro maviri pamuedzo. Amai vanogamuchira kufara kubva kune hama neshamwari, vanotanga kuongorora kudya kwake (inoshandura kudya kwekudya uye chikamu cheshokoti, yoghurt uye gruel kubva mumucheka usina kuputika), kunyorera magazini kune vabereki uye "inorayira" mukukurukurirana kwevakadzi. Apo amai vamangwana vanyoresa (uye neizvi zvinotofanira kukurumidza kuvhiki ye8-10 yekutakura), chiremba-gynecologist achange amubvunza iye nezvezvirwere, kutora pamuviri, uye kutora pamuviri. Mune shoko, zvikonzero zvinotevera zvinogona kutungamira chisarudzo chemukadzi wegynecologist kutumira amai vari mberi kuti vaongorore maitiro:
♦ chirwere chechizvarwa mune mumwe wevabereki vemangwana;
• kuberekwa kwomwana akapfuura nekukura kana chromosomal pathology;
♦ Zera remamazuva anouya rinopfuura makumi matatu;
♦ Maitiro ematatogogenzi emamai nemucheche: kana mukadzi asati apera mavhiki gumi nemaviri ekuberekwa akatora mishonga yakasimba kana kunyange zvokudya zvekudya, kana doro. Nezvekupedzisira, zvakakosha kuti tive vakangwarira, kunyanya kana pane chirevo chokuti chiitiko chisina kurongerwa chakaitika mushure memutambo, uko amai kana baba vaizouya vari pasi pemutyairi.
5. Zviwanikwa zve ultrasound kuongororwa
Chirongwa chekutanga chiri nani kupfuura kare kupfuura chinotarisirwa nekarenda yakagamuchirwa ultrasound, mumavhiki ekutanga 4-5. Panguva ino, chiremba anogona kuve nechokwadi chekuti fetal egg inowanikwa, sezvinotarisirwa, mu uterine cavity, kana ine chisingadi "kusununguka" (pane ngozi ye ectopic pregnancy).
Yechipiri ultrasound inofanira kuitwa mushure memasvondo 11-14, apo chiremba anogona uye anofanira kuita zvakajeka zvakanyanya kuongororwa kwemamwe maitiro uye kuona zviratidzo zvichiratidza chingaita chromosomal pathology - uye ipapo mukadzi anotumirwa ku genetics. Nyanzvi iyi inonyanya kurongedza kunyatsoongorora nekushandisa nzira inobvumira kuti uwane masero kubva palacenta uye kunyatsotsanangura kugadzirwa kwekromosome yemwana panguva yekuzvitakura (chorionic biopsy, amniocentesis). Chechitatu (yechipiri yakarongwa) ultrasound inonyanya kuitwa pavhiki 20-22. Iyi nguva inoita kuti zvive nyore kugadzirisa kukanganisa mukugadzirisa kwechiso checheche, mitezo, uyewo kuona kuti zvinokanganisa zvinokonzerwa nekugadzirwa kwenhengo dzomukati dzemu fetus. Chinhu chinonyanya kukosha panguva iyi hachisi kunyange kuongororwa, asi mukana wokubata mwana muchizvaro kana kugadzirira mararamiro anokosha ekuberekwa kwemwana uyu, zvisati zvaitika kuti aratidze nzira dzakanaka dzechirwere chinotevera kusvikira mwana aporazve.
6. Kuongororwa kwezvinyorwa zvehupenyu
Kana tikakumbira vanaamai vemazuva anouya zvavanenge vachida kubvisa kubva pamuviri wavo, zvichida vose vane 100% vangapindura vachiti: "Kusinganzwisisi kuongororwa." Asi izvi, zvisinei kwete iyo inofadza, izwi re "chiitiko chinonakidza" hachigoni kubviswa, nokuti dzimwe nguva ndiyo inowanzoyerera ropa inoratidza zvinhu zvinotyisa. Zviratidzo zvezvinobvira zvinokonzerwa nezvipembenene zvikamu zveplasma protein, alpha-fetoprotein uye chorionic gonadotropin - mapuroteni chaiwo anogadzirwa nema embryonic tissues. Apo kukanganiswa kwemapuroteni aya muropa remamazuva anouya kuchinja, zvinokwanisika kufungidzira kuti zvinogona kutyorwa mukugadzirwa kwe fetus. Chidzidzo chemashoko akadaro chinoitwa pane mamwe mazuva:
♦ Nhamba yeproteine ye plasma uye chorionic gonadotropin - pavhiki 10-13 yekugumira;
♦ Chorionic gonadotropin uye alfa-fetoprotein - pamasvondo 16-20. Migumisiro yeropa rekuedzwa iro Amai vanopa muvakadzi rekubvunza vana, endai kumudzimai wevakadzi, uyo ane mukadzi munguva yehutumbi hwose. Kana pane chikonzero chekufungisisa uye kuwedzera kuongororwa, chiremba ari kuenda kuchiitiko chinotevera kana nefoni anoudza Amai pamusoro pekudiwa kwekushanyira genetics uye kupfuudza maitiro ekudzidzira.
7. Mamiriro akaoma mumawere asati aberekwa
Oo, zvirwere izvi ... Asi ivo, vasinganyengeri, dzimwe nguva havapfuuri amai vanguva yemberi, asi, zvisinei, "kunonamatira" mumuviri wake kana, sezvo uri kure zvakanyanya, unotanga kufambira mberi. Chikonzero cheizvi - uye zvishoma nezvishoma kuderedzwa nehutachiwana hwekuzvimba, uye kusatorwa kwechirwere chetachiona, uye kungova nehutachiona hwemwaka, uko pasina munhu asina kudzivirira.
Zvimwe zvirwere zvehutachiona (herpes, rubella, cytomegalovirus, toxoplasmosis) panguva yekuzvitakura zvinogona kukonzera kukura kwakanyanya kwe fetus (ndicho chikonzero zvirwere zvakadaro zvinowanzoti intrauterine). Zvinonzwisisika kuitisa kuongorora kuongororwa kwehutachiwana musati waita pamuviri kana mukati memavhiki ekutanga emwaka, apo zvichiri kuitika kudzivirira simba ravo pamucheche. Kana zviitiko zvikaitika muchipiri kana chetatu chetatu - zvose zvinoguma zvinosuruvarisa.
Nei chromosomal kusakanganisika kuitika?
Genetics inoziva mhinduro kumubvunzo uyu. Ichokwadi ndechokuti ruzivo rwakakodzera rwekromosome ndiviri. Zvakanaka, mushure mokubatanidzwa kwemai nababa vangu zvepabonde, chirongwa chekuwedzera kupatsanurwa mumasero ane chero imwechete ye chromosome "vaviri" inowedzera-23 amai ne 23 baba. Asi zvinoitika kuti chechitatu chromosome inobatanidza vaviri ne "zvikonzero zvadzo" - uye trio yakadai (yesayenzi, trisomy) ndiyo inokonzerwa nehutano husina kunaka. Chero zvazvingava, mushonga wemazuva ano unokwanisa kukwanisa kuona zvikanganiso izvi zvisati zvaitika. Uye inobatsira mundima iyi yemararamiro ekudzivirira panguva yekuzvitakura. Saka usatya nzira iyi yekuongororwa - uye uve noutano!