Chikuru pane izvi ndizvo chiropa uye pancreas. Zvokudya zviri pasi pesimba remakumbo mumuromo uye majezi ekudya mukati mudumbu uye matumbo anopinda mukati, uye kuburikidza nemadziro emukati zvinhu zvinobatsira zvinobva kwavari zvinopinda muropa. Zvadaro vese ballast pamwe nehupukisi hwechiropa iyo yakashandiswa kuburikidza nechiropa ichichera chirwere chekudya. Nzira yekugadzirwa kwezvokudya mumunhu mukuru inotora maawa 24-36, nepo mucheche inotora maawa 6-18. Rurimi nemazino ndiyo nzira yakakosha yekupwanya, kusveta uye kuisa zvokudya mumate. Mazino ekutanga emucheche anoonekwa semwedzi mitanhatu, apo muviri wavo unotanga kugadzirira kugadzirwa kwezvokudya zvakasimba. Salivha - inobudiswa ne-submaxillary uye parotid glands. Uye kunyange muchechecheche, ine zvakakosha zvakakosha pakuparadzaniswa kwezvokudya. Mukuwedzera, salivha inopisa mutsara wemuromo - nzvimbo yekuunganidza huwandu hwezvinyorwa zviduku, kusanganisira izvo zvisingachengeteka pamwana. Kunyunyuta mucheche kusvika kumwedzi mitatu kwakanyanya kuduku, asi kubva panguva iyo, uye kunyanya sezvibereko zvitsva zvinowanikwa mukudya kwavo, zviri kuramba zvichiwedzera. Kusvikira 1 gore mwana haakwanisi kumedza saliva ose akaumbwa, mazhinji acho ari kunze, uye izvi zvinowanzoitika.
Nokuda kwekutyora kwekudzivirirwa kwezvirwere zvekuzvidzivirira, uye pasi pesimba rekukuvadzwa uye zvokudya zvinokuvadza (izvo zvichangova zvokudya zvitsva pakutanga) vacheche vanogona kuva nezvirwere zvinoputika mumuromo wemuromo - stomatitis (kuvhiringidza komuromo mumcosa), gingivitis (kuvhiringidza kwemukati), periodontitis (kuputika kweparietal tissues) ), thrush (fungal utachiona hwemukanwa mucosa).
Stomatitis
Muvana vari kuyamwa, chirwere chinonzi stomatitis chinowanzokonzera herpes simplex virus. Muchiitiko ichi, kutonhora kunomuka, maruva anovhenekera uye anorwadza anowanikwa mu mucosa wemuromo - aphthae, nekuda kwezvinhu izvo mwana asina kurara zvakanaka uye zvisinganzwisisiki. Vana vanotanga kuramba chikafu nekuda kwekutambudzika mumuromo, saka vanoda kudyidzwa ne-semi-liquid kana mvura yekudya. Zvokudya hazvifaniri kunge zvichipisa. Pakati pezvinodhaka zvinobatsira kurarama nehepetic stomatitis ine mavara antiviral anozorwa neaphthae uye mucous pedo navo, nzira dzinotsigira maitiro ezvirwere zvemuviri (semuenzaniso, Imudon, Solvay Pharma, chaizvoizvo - musanganiswa wemakiromita emakiromita anobatsira uye zvinodzivirira zvinodzivirira muromo mucosa uye pharynx).
Inophagus i "corridor" iyo inogadzirwa nechingwa, zvichienderana nekugadzika kwemashoko emadziro, inopinda mukati mudumbu, ichipfuura nekuputika kwehurongwa. Panzvimbo ino, chikafu chinopfuurira kuburikidza nema sphincters, "dampers", izvo zvinodzivisa kuti zvirege kuenda parwendo rwokudzoka. Pamugumo wesophagus inonzi cardiac sphincter (cardia), "inovhara" nzvimbo huru, kuitira kuti chikafu chezvokudya hachidzoke kubva mudumbu kusvika kune denga. Mucheche mumwedzi yekutanga yehupenyu, cardia haina kubviswa zvachose, uye sezvo muchengeti wemagedhi (sphincter achiita basa rimwe chete rinovhara, asi mudumbu chete), asi, rinopedzererwa, kudzorerwazve kunoitika.
Regurgitations
Kana mwana akachera zvishoma (mukaka unongobva mumuromo, haukaradzi, uye unowedzera kuwedzera zvakanaka), haufaniri kushushikana. Izvo zvinowanzoitika kune vazhinji vacheche zvichave kubva pa2 kusvika ku5 episodes pazuva risingarengeki kupfuura 1-2 maminitsi. Dzimwe nguva zvinyorwa zvekudzoka zvinogona kuratidza kusanganiswa kweropa, uye kana mai vacho vaduku vachinge vanyura pazviputi (zvinoitika, mukadzi wacho haaonekwe), haufaniri kunetseka. Vana vakwegura dzimwe nguva vanopfira zvakanyanya kudya. Uye chikonzero icho chinowanzowanzova chekudya kwechecheche, uye kwete matambudziko pamwe neshuga kana mudumbu. Semuenzaniso, kudzokerazve kunokonzera kunwa zvakanyanya, saka vana vasati vava nemakore mana havafaniri kunwa. Hazvirevi, asi dzimwe nguva zvinogona kukonzerwa neesophagitis (kuputika kwechikamu chepasi chepopu) kana chirwere chegastroesophageal reflux (ichi ndicho chokuzorodzwa kwepachesi sphincter, nokuda kwekuti iyo inogadzika yemudumbu iri munharaunda, ichikonzera kuputika kwemucosa-esophagitis). Dumbu nderomukati pekuunganidza. Zvichienderana nezera remucheche mudumbu rine zvakasiyana zvezvokudya. Mumwana ane mwedzi wemwedzi, iyo yakawanda inenge 100 mita, mumwana wegore rimwe chete ndeye 250-300 ml. Kunze, dumbu rakafanana nehogi umo zvokudya gruel (chyme) inochengetedzwa uye inogadzirwa ne hydrochloric acid uye enzymes.
Muchikamu chacho chepasi, dumbu rakabatana kumatumbo pamwe nekubatsirwa nemuchengeti wemasuo - "musuo", iyo inotanga nzira imwe chete. Kubatanidzwa kwekushandiswa kweiyo dampers kunoratidzirwa nekuti vana vanopinda nehuwandu hwezvokudya zvakaenzana ne1 / 5-1 / 6 yehutatu hwehuviri hwavo (kune munhu mukuru izvi zvingava 10-15 kg kg pazuva!). Mukuwedzera, zvakaoma kuchengetedza zvokudya zvemvura. Kureka kwechiyme kubva mudumbu kusvika mumukumbo kunowanzoitika nguva dzose. Zvinoratidzika kana chikamu chekudya chiri chakaoma (chinoitika kana kuberekwa kwekudzivirira kwemuchengeti wemagedhi) kana apo, pane zvinopesana, yakazaruka zvakare-ipapo chyme inokandirwa kumashure mudumbu. Izvi zvinoitika nekuda kwekuti misi yakadzika yemapirlorus yakasununguka - ichi chinhu chaicho kune vana vane dambudziko rekutya kana chronic gastritis. Gastritis uye peptic ulcer mucheche hazviwanzoitiki. Aya matambudziko akasiyana nevana kubva pamakore ekuma 6-7, nokuti panguva ino vanopedza nguva yakawanda vari kunze kwemba, kudya zvokudya zvishoma zvekumba, kubva kune chikafu chekudya uye hurumende inoputsika.
Bile uye Enzymes
Izvo zvakakosha pakugadzirisa uye kuenzaniswa kwezvokudya uye kunobva pachiropa uye pancreas. Kuvhara muzvitsva zvinokonzerwa zvishoma, saka muviri wavo uchiri kunetseka nekuonekwa kwemafuta. Nezera, kubudiswa kwebii inoita vana kunowedzera, uye mamiriro ezvinhu ari nani. Iko kukwanisa kubudisa enzymes nepascreas panguva yekuzvarwa kwomwana haisati yasimbiswa. Mune jisi yaro, vana vemwedzi mitatu yekutanga havana zvinhu zvakakwana zvakabatanidzwa mukudya kwemashizha, mapuroteni nemafuta (amylase, trypsin uye lipase). Izvo chete mushure mokunge zvitsva zvitsva zvishoma nezvishoma zvikaonekwa mukudya kwevana, kusimbiswa kwezvinhu zvakakosha pakugadzika mupancresi kunogadziriswa uye kunosvika kune zvinokosha kune vanhu vakuru. Izvo ndezvekusiyana kwechiropa chechiropa uye mapascasi evana iyo nyanzvi dzinofunga kuti vana vanopfuura pasi pemakore manomwe havagoni kudya kubva patafura yakare. Mushure mekuputsa kwekubuda kwe bile kuburikidza nebazi rebiariary (kusagadzikana kwebhuku rebhaariary) uye kuputsa kwechikonzero chekuvhara kwekuvhara kwechiropa nepascreas, kana vasingawanzofambidzana nekuonekwa kwezvokudya (reactive pancreatitis) zvakajairika pakati pevana vaduku vemakore ekutanga ehupenyu sekupindura kwezvokudya zvisina kukodzera miviri yavo.
Rwendo kuburikidza nematumbo
Utumbo muduku hune zvikamu zvitatu: duodenum, yakasimba uye yakaac. Chikamu chekutanga chinogamuchira bile uye pancreatic juice, kuburikidza nekushandurwa kweprotein, mafuta uye makhahydrates. Mune jejunum uye ileum, chyme inopinda muzvinhu zvinovaka. Rusvingo rwomukati rwemukati mudumbu runosanganisira microscopic villi, iyo inopa kudya kweamino acid, shuga, mavitamini muropa. Nemhaka yekukanganisa muhutano hwevilli - kwenguva pfupi (sechikonzero chemuviri wepachivi) uye, kazhinji kacho, kusingaperi, - kunwa kwemakemikari hakuna simba uye chirwere chechigaro chinogona kutanga.
Utumbo hukuru hunopoteredza dumbu rose. Muchikamu ichi chemukati, mvura uye chikamu chiduku chemaminiti emunyu anoiswa. Nenzira iyo, iyo nharaunda iyo inonzi nzvimbo yezvinyorwa zvingabatsiri, kushayikwa kunotungamirira kune maitiro emagetsi akawanda (flatulence). Mumuviri mukuru, zvakasara zvezvokudya (zvimedu) zvinotora chimiro uye kuburikidza ne rectum uye chibereko chemukati (anus) chinobuda. Nokuda kwekusimudzira chyme munharaunda ino, mutsva inofanana nematafura akawanda, uye kunze kwayo kuvhura kunokonzerwa nekuvhara nekuvhara kweiyo rectum. Kukanganisa mukushanda kwezvipfeko zvinonzi sphincter, zvinokonzerwa, somuenzaniso, nehutachiona hwepamuviri, hunoratidzwa nekunonoka kana kuwedzerwa kuwanda kwechigaro. Muvana, hutumbu hunoshanda nesimba, saka mumavhiki maviri ekutanga ehupenyu vanoenda "makuru" 4-6 kakawanda pazuva. Vacheche vanodya mishonga yekugadzira vanoita izvi zvishoma kudarika vana. Mushure megore rimwe, nguva ye "huru" inosvika inenge 1-2 pazuva. Panguva yekuzvarwa kwomwana, utumbo hwake hahuna maturo, asi kubva pazuva rokutanga anotanga kuve nehutachiona hunobatsira. Muvana vane utano vakaberekwa nenguva uye vachiyamwisa, maruva emukati anosvika pakusvika kwemazuva ose ekupedzisira kwevhiki yechipiri yehupenyu.
Intestinal colic inowanzoitika inowanikwa kune vose vana vane chirwere chekudya chiri "kungobereka" chete. Nhamo mumimba yevana inowanikwa nekuda kwekuti mumatumbo inowedzera yakawanda gasi (flatulence). Kunyange kana chikonzero chemukati chirwere chiri pachena, zvakakosha kutaurirana nachiremba uyo achabvisa zvirwere zvokuvhiya, semuenzaniso appendicitis; uyezve, chiremba wevana chete anokwanisa kupa chirwere chemwana. Kuti urarame nechinetso, mwana, kunze kwekuregererwa kwezvokudya (kana ari mwana, chenjerera nezvechingwa chine mhete, mbatatisi, nyemba, mukaka, sauerkraut, kubata amai), varaira inoshandiswa marara kana mazano akasiyana (eg Espumizan, Berlin-Chemie, Unienzim, Unichem Lab.)
Diarrhea
Kugadzikana kwechigadziro kakawanda kunokonzera utachiona, kunyange kwete nguva dzose. Matavi anowanzova nekushayikwa kwe lactase, inobva pakuziva kuti pancreas nemukumbo mucosa, izvo zvinokonzerwa nekugadzirwa kwe lactase, hazvikwanisi kushanda nesimba rakazara. Pasina lactase enzyme, lactose haina kunyanya kudyiwa. Somugumisiro, lactase inopera, zvichikonzera kukura kwemakondohwe emakondohwe, kurega kumutsipa wemwana, uye dysbacteriosis inomuka. Zviratidzo zvekushayikwa kwe lactase uye dysbiosis zvakafanana: mwana anodanidzira mushure mekudya, anonetseka nezvekuvhara, kuputika kwemvura yakadzika (kazhinji kana nekudzivirirwa). Matambudziko anokonzerwa nehutachiona kana zvirwere zvepamuviri zvinonzi zvirwere zve "maoko asina tsvina". Zvinyorwa zvinokonzera kuti zvive zvakasiyana, kunyange zvisingakwanisi kuziva kuti chaizvoizvo mwana akawana sei (dysentery kana shigellosis, salmonellosis, roto- uye caliciviral utachiona, nezvimwewo). Nechirwere chemukati, chimwe chezvinhu zvakanyanya kuwanikwa zvemishonga zvakabatana - pfungwa yekuda kubereka vana vane chirwere (vanachiremba vachati iyi nzira yekudzorerazve) kuti isapera simba. Pamusana pekushandisa iyi sarudzo kubva munyu - yakagadzirira (Hydrovit, STADA, Regidron, Orion, nevamwe) uye yakaitwa pamba. Mishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya nhasi vanachiremba vanogadza vacheche chete nemhando dzakaoma dzepachivi zvirwere. Mukuwedzera, ivo vanorayirwa kudya kwakasimba kumwana, kana zvichidiwa, enzyme, zvinodhaka zvinowedzera kukwanisa kwechikwata kubvumirana (somuenzaniso, Uira, STADA), zvinokonzera-masvikiro zvinhu zvinopinda mumatumbo uye kunobvisa zvinokuvadza zvinokonzerwa nemakemikari (Smecta, Beauf yedu Ipsen), maitiro anonzi probiotics anobatsira ma microorganisms, kunyanya bifido- uye lactobacilli (Probifor, Partner, Bifiform, Ferrosan, Bifidumbacterin-forte, Enterol, Biocodex), prebiotics inobatsira kukura kwemadiro anobatsira (Hilak forte, Ratiopharm), uye kunyange zvinodhaka , kusimbisa hutachiona (Kipferon, A ppharm, Bifilysis, Enzyme). Kurora kwenguva refu kunowanzobatanidzwa nekuputsa kwekufananidzwa kwezvokudya: kusagamuchirwa mumushuga wekaka (lactase inoshaiwa), kurwara kune zviyo (chirwere chechiliac). Kunyange zvazvo dzimwe nguva zvinoratidzirwa kusawirirana nemukaka wemukaka wemukaka kana chirwere chinoputira chirwere (ulcerative colitis, chirwere cheCrohn). Chero zvazvingava, mwana achange achida nzira yekuongorora iyo ichaona kana mwana ane chirwere chemukati chirwere, honye, ​​congenital disorders yemukumbo.
Matambudziko
Zvinowanzoitika kuti mushure mekurwa kwepamuviri, kana kurapwa nemishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya (kune imwe hutachiona), basa remuviri remucheche rinoparadzaniswa, iro rinowanzoratidzirwa nekunonoka kwechigaro. Nokuda kwekudzivirirwa kunokonzerwa nokusununguka kwemukati, kudya kunova nemafuta fiber (beet, prunes, wholemeal bread) inorayirwa. Vana vanorayirwa kuti vafambe zvakawanda, uye nerubatsiro rwemuviri wekudzikisa hutumbu kunovabatsira kuti vadzorere kufungidzira kwekusunungurwa kwemukati. Mukuwedzera, chiremba achabvisa mwana izvo zvinodhaka zvinodhaka. Kune vana vacharamba vaine mishonga yekudzivirira uye inokonzera (bloating) mishonga zvikuru yemiti yakabva (Microlax, Johnson & Johnson, Plantex, Lek, mudzi we buckthorn). Vana vanotambura nokuvhiringidzika, umo mukati mazvo makamanikidzwa, zvinodhaka zvinodzivisa hurongwa hwemagetsi (valerian) rubatsiro. Enema vana vanoita kana chiitiko chacho chakamanikidzwa kumirira kwemazuva matatu. Iye zvino tava kuziva kuti nhengo dzekudya dzinoshanda sei mumwana, zvinyorwa uye zvinoshanda.