Ndinokutendai masayendisiti
Mukutanga kwezana remakore rechi20, mangwanani emudzimai wese weimba (kana kuti kubika) akatanga nemushandirapamwe wokutengesa michero itsva. Vaifanira kugadzirira uye kudyiwa pakarepo pazuva rimwe chete, zvakanaka, mumamiriro ezvinhu akaipa - mangwana. Ichokwadi, paiva nemagetsi echando uye mashizha.
Apo vanhu chaivo vaifungidzira kuti kutonhora kunobatsira kuchengetedza chikafu chitsva, hapana anoziva. Zviri pachena kuti pakutanga, mapako akanaka aishandiswa panzvimbo yezvivharo, uye mumamiriro ekutonhora - hupenyu hwemahombekombe. Munyika yeChina yekare, Greece neRoma, vanhu vakafungidzira kuti vanochera mabhudzi uye vanovadzinga nechando kubva kumakomo. Ichokwadi kuti ma glaciers akadaro aiva mumhuri dzakanaka. MuIndia, panzvimbo yechando, nzira yekudzivirira yakashandiswa: midziyo yakanga yakaputirwa mumucheka wakasviba, mhepo yakaputika uye yakanyorova zviri mukati. Nenzira, pamutemo wekubuda (chete, kwete mvura, asi imwe mvura, somuenzaniso, ether kana freon), chigadzirwa chefriji yemazuva ano yakatorwa.
MuMiddle Ages, kushandiswa kwechando kwakakanganwa, asi kushandiswa kwechikafu kwakatanga kukura, chinhu chinobva-icho chaive chikafu chezvinhu zvinobatsira. Kunyanya, zvakaonekwa kuti nitrate (potassium nitrate, "Chinese salt", inotengeswa nemaArabhu kuEurope inenge yakapoteredza 1200 uye yakakurumidza kuva chinhu chinodikanwa chevashandi vemagetsi) inoputika mumvura uye inotonhora kupisa, ndiko kuti, mvura inononoka pakarepo. Ichi chiitiko chinoshandiswa kusvikira kure-muvakashanyi vekutanga-rubatsiro kitsotsi iyo inowanzoiswa chisimbiso chakazara nemvura, umo iyo ampoule neammonium nitrate inofamba. Zvakakwana kugunha mabheji ne packet uye kuputsa bunduro, kuitira kuti purogiramu ichatonhora ne15 degrees. Inogona kushandiswa kune maronda kana maronda panzvimbo yechando.
Muzana remakore rechigumi nematatu, nerubatsiro rwe saltpetre, zvinwiwa zvakatsvaira uye michero yechando yakagadzirwa (iyo, sezvose zvitsva, yaingoyeuka imwe yekare yakakanganwa - muRome yekare, vafundisi vaifarira jira remuti wakaoma). Muna 1748, William Cullen, purofesa wezvokurapa paYunivhesiti yeGlasgow, akaumba teknolojia yekugadzirisa maitiro ekugadzirisa uchishandisa eher: mune imwe kamuri gomba rakasikwa apo ether yakanga iri kuvira uye ichibuda, yakanyorovesa kamuri, uye iyo mhepo yakapinda mune imwe kamuri iyo yakanyorovesa uye yakapa moto nzvimbo, uye kubva ipapo zvakare akasvika pakamuri yekutanga. Yakave yakave yakavharidzirwa-pamutemo iwoyo wakagadzirirwa zvino basa remafiriji.
Asi ndiani anonzi ice?
Imba yekutanga firiji, kana firiji, yakaonekwa muUnited States pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi19 uye yakanga isinganyanyisi. Thomas Moore, anjiniya uye mutengesi wenguva yakazara mutengesi, akauya nenzira yekuendesa mafuta kubva kuMadganine kuenda kuWashington - mumabhokisi ane masvingo matatu-masvingo: mashizha ematare, maphwepa emarara uye matanda. Mukati mune makamuri maviri: mafuta uye yechando. Moore akavepa mvumo yezvakaitwa, yakauya nezita racho, uye nepakati pezana remakore rechi19, zvishoma zvakanatswa "refrigerators" (panzvimbo yebhanji dzematehwe - macheka, mapepa, cork) yakaonekwa mumapurazi eAmerica neEurope. Munguva pfupi, muUnited States, paiva nechokuita pasina dombo guru rakasara iro raisazokohwa munguva yechando. Muzhizha, vatengesi vemazai vakaichengetedza muzvigadziro zvepamusoro, uye vesi-vatengesi vakanga vachitengesa icemen. Kubudiswa kwechando kwakakura nokukurumidza, uye chikamu chikuru chacho chaitungamirirwa nevaRussia vaibva kuAlaska. Kwemakore matatu mumusika uyu kambani yeRussia -America yakawana zvinopfuura goridhe, nokuda kwekugadzirwa kwayo kwavakatangwa.
Muna 1844, chiremba weAmerica John Gori akagadzira kusungirirwa kubva pakuwanikwa kwaCullen uye akashanda mumhepo. Akabudisa ice rekuita chipatara kuFlorida, uyezve, akashanda mumhepo inotonhorera mumakamuri - zvirokwazvo, ndiyo yaiva yekutanga mhepo. Munenge panguva imwe chete, chirwere che typhus chakashambadzira kuUnited States neEurope, chakavhiringidzwa nekushandiswa kwechando kubva mumvura yakasvibiswa. Nenguva iyo, mhizha yacho yakanga yakanyatsotonhora nzizi, kuitira kuti mubvunzo wekuchena kwechando uve mahedheni. Zvose muNew uye muNyika Yekare, mumwe muvadziri mumwe mushure akaumba maitiro akawanda kana asingasviki emakemikari ekugadzirisa ayo akabudisa mazai echando. Sefriji, vaishandisa eher, ammonia kana sulfurous anhydride. Iwe unogona kufungidzira kuti kunhuwa kunopararira zvakadini nemafiriji akadaro. Kunyange zvakadaro, mhepo ine ruzha inogadzirwa yakanyatsogadziriswa mumhizha yekubereka uye mumafekitari ekugadzirwa kwechando. Uye chii chokusarudza firiji yeimba - chisarudzo chemunhu mumwe nomumwe zvakasiyana.
Freon uye Greenpeace
Muna 1910, General Electric akasunungura yekutanga firiji unit - chigadzirwa chemagetsi kumabhokisi echando, izvo zvakabudisa ice. Inodhura $ 1 000, kaviri inodhura semotokari yeMotokari. Iyo motokari iri mumudhonzvo yakanga yakakura zvikuru zvokuti yaiwanzogara muchitsime uye yakabatana ne "ice box" motokari yekutya. Muna 1927 chete varimi veGener Electric, vachitungamirirwa nemuchina weDenmark Christian Steenstrup, vakasika firiji chaiye, zvikamu zvose zvayo zvinopinda mudiki katebheniti, uye vakatozvipa ne thermoregulator, iyo yakashandiswa nechinguva chiduku kugadziriswa kusvikira zvino. Nenguva isipi nyanzvi yemakemikari yeAmerica Thomas Mead-gley yakaronga kuisa ammonia negasi idzva inogadzirwa ne Freon, iyo yakawana kupisa kwakanyanya panguva yekubuda uye yakanga isingakuvadzi zvachose kuvanhu. Pahurukuro yaFranon, Mead-glay akaratidza izvi nenzira inoshamisa: akanyora mhepo yaFeon uye akabudisa moto wehomwe. Hapana munhu aiziva kuti freon inoparadza ozone denga repasi kusvikira pakutanga kwema1970, apo Greenpeace yakaitisa zviratidzo zvakawanda uye, pakuguma, vakamanikidza vaiti kuti vasiye freon vachida gasi rakachengeteka.
Muna 1933 muUnited States, inenge mamiriyoni matanhatu emadzimai akazvikudza akatora zvokudya kubva kumba "firiji" yeGeneral Motors. MuEngland kwaiva ne100 000 frijiji, muGermany - 30 000, muU.SR mumwe aigona kuverenga pamusoro pezvido zvakadaro chete mubhuku ("Akaratidza magetsi firiji cabinetti kwete chete chete yaisada kuvhara, asi, zvakasiyana, yakagadzira nenzira yakachena makerubhi akajeka mumushamba wakachena, wakafanana nemifananidzo: mumakamuri maiva nemakamuri ezvokudya, mukaka, hove, mazai nemichero. "Ilf naPetrov," Rimwe-rima America ", 1937).
Zvechokwadi, muSoviet Union, zvakare, yakashanda pakugadzira zvigadzirwa zvakagadzirirwa kuita hupenyu hwevashandi. Kubva muna 1933, chimiro cheMoshim-trust chakabudisa firiji iyo inoda kuzadzwa nemvura yakaoma. Vanodhura zvikuru, vaiwanzoputsa, saka vePublic's Commissar yeZvashandi Vezvokudya Anastas Mikoyan vairongoronga varimi vezviitiko. Nzvimbo imwe chete iyo mafiriji ayo akashanda asinganzwisisiki mumugwagwa yaiva iyo yakakurumbira "Cocktail Hall" paGorky Street, ipapo ice cream yakaitwa pamichina yeAmerica.
Pakazosvika 1939, zvaive zvichibvira kana kutenga, kana kuba muWest mifananidzo yesimbi itsva (kusashanda pa freon, asi pane sulfurous anhydride) uye kutanga kugadzirwa kwemhuri yefriji KhTZ-120 Kharkov Tractor Plant. Asi hondo yakatanga, uye yakanga isiri iyo zvakadaro. Ichitendero Soviet freon refrigerator "ZIL" yakaiswa muzvigadzirwa zve serial muna March 1951. Mugore rimwechete iro rakatanga kubudisa "Saratov". Asi mafiriji akawanikwa chaizvoizvo mumakore makumi matanhatu. Vakanga vakavimbika, asi vakaderera kuWestern mukushanda uye nyore. Kunyanya, firiji yaive yakananga mudumbu refriji. Yeuka: musuo wealuminium, iyo inogara nokusingaperi yechando mukati? Munhu wese anoyeuka izvi, uyo kamwechete akazvibvunza mubvunzo wekusarudza firiji yeimba. MuUnited States, kutanga kwegore ra1939, iyeye General Electric akabudisa firiji yemasuo maviri, uye pakutanga kwema1950 Hapana hutaneti hwakasimbiswa, hunobvumira kuparadzanisa pasina kupera nguva dzose.
Smart Touch
Kubva ipapo, kukwana kwefriji kunofamba nenzira yekanako, nyore uye hukuru hunoshanda. Semuenzaniso, Samsung Electronics ichangobva kuudza hutsva hutsva hwe Smart Touch - nekunze kwechiedza (izvi zvinonyanya kuve nyore kana iwe uchibvarura kubva pakombiyuta yako usiku kuti udzose muviri wako unogadzirisa-nharo nekugadzira.) Kudzorera kwe LED - zvose kunze nekunze - zvose zvinodiwa, kwete kusanganisira chiedza mukicheni). Vagadziri vanoita sokuti vakafunga kuburikidza nezvose zvinonakidza zvingafungidzirwa: iyo yakagadzirirwa mubato refriji yefriji yakagadzirirwa pamutemo wemotokari - zviri nyore kuzarura, kunyange kutakura mapuranga akaremara nemishonga. Kufuridzira rakafuridzirwa, yakagadzirirwa munzvimbo nhatu dzakasiyana, inokubvumira kuisa mukamuri chikafu chikuru kana zvimwe zvokudya zvakakura. Pasi pezasi pemukova kune sherfu yakakosha yemichero yevana - vana vanozofara, vachiwana cottage cheese uye juice mangwanani.
Zvinoratidzika kuti chinangwa chikuru chezvino vadziki vefrijiji ndechekupa vatengi zvinonakidza, kusanganisira maitiro. Smart Touch inofanana nemwari: kuchena kwebhuruu kunonamatira kunakidzwa kwegirasi yakasviba (zvinobatsira, asi kwete zvishoma nekanaka version - "simbi isina chinhu"). Kana kumurume izvi zvisingakwani kukakavara kuita sarudzo, inofanira kunge yakagutsikana yakadaro, somuenzaniso, tsanangudzo: rusvingo rwemashure rwefiriji rinoperera zvakakwana - izvi zvinoita kuti kuve nekugadzirisa kwayo, uyezve, guruva haritauri, uye zvinoreva (kuti murume, chokwadi, anoziva) Usapisa motokari.
Mhando mbiri - RL55VTEMR uye RL55VTEBG - dzakagadzirirwa nekanyoro, izvo zvinokubvumira kudzora mabasa ese euniti nechokuno. Kunyangwe pachikona ichi unogona kunyora manotsi kune murume wako: "Wadiwa, usakanganwa, tine vaenzi nhasi. Kana iwe ukakanganwa, uye kutaridzika kwavo kuchave kusingatarisirwi kwauri, unogona kushandisa dhipatimendi re Cool Cool Zone - champagne inotonhora imomo kanomwe kudarika pane yekare firiji! "
Kunyange zvazvo varimi vakatarisira isu, isu, vashandisi, tinoita chimwe chinhu kuti tifambise firiji dzedu. Somuenzaniso, ane makore 22 John Cornwell, akabatanidzwa pairiji firiji chikwata chinokanda muridzi weaikwanisa doro kuitira kuti asakwanisa kubva pamubhedha. Chinhu chakanyanya kuoma ndechokudzidza munguva, kubata mabhenji, asi muumbi anotivimbisa kuti iyi inyaya yeunyanzvi.