Muhupenyu hwezuva nezuva, patafura yezvokudya, kazhinji pane dzakasiyana-siyana makapu nemahwendefa asingawirirane nemuvara uye nekukura. Asi kana vashanyi vauya kwatiri, ndinoda kuwana basa remhuri kubva mumabheji, umo zvinhu zvose zviri mumutauro wakafanana. Uye zvakare kudya kunowanzoshanduka kuva mhemberero yakanaka.
Nhoroondo yekushandira tafura yemabiko kubvira kare kusvika kumazuva edu inotanga makore anenge 2000 akapfuura. Yakanga iri pamangwanani emanhasi emazuva ano maChinese akaumba mapira. Vaifarira chaizvo kudya kudya kunofadza, kushandiswa pamucheka wakachena wezvokudya, zvakashongedzwa nemifananidzo yezvinyorwa kana zvezuva nezuva. Uye paanenge achichera tiyi kubva kune dzimwe nhubu dzakashata. Kwemazuva mazhinji ivo vakanyatsochengetedza kubva kune vavakidzani mashiriki emashiripiti echina. MuEgypt yekare uye Mesopotamiya yakauyawo nemafungiro ekugadzira michina yakavezwa yakagadzirwa nemagetsi. Asi ivo, zvichida, vakayeuchidza faience yemazuva ano. Kuti ribudise iyo, zvinhu zvakafanana zvakashandiswa sekugadzirwa kwevhu, uye teknolojia yakafanana. Musiyano wacho waiva chete muhuwandu hwezvikamu.
MuEurope, chakavanzika chekuEastern kwenguva yakareba hapana munhu anonyanya kufarira. Zvishongo zvakaitwa zvevhu, huni, simbi. MuMiddle Ages, vanhuwo zvavo vaigovera ndiro, iyo mhuri yose yaidya. Dzimwe nguva kushandiswa kwemahwendefa - kunyange vapfumi - vaishumira zvidimbu zvakakura zvechingwa. Vanowanzoisa zvokudya zvakakura uye zvidimbu zvenyama. Asi muRenaissance muimba dzakasimba, zvainge zvichiwedzerwa kuona mahwendefa ega pamatafura. Yakanyatsogadziridzwa uye yakagadzirwa nekodhiki yakakura. Kunyanya akaedza maItaly, akafuridzirwa nemabasa emaMorish masters, avo vakafukidza zvigadzirwa zve ceramic ne tin tin glaze.
Uye muzana remakore rechi17 neregumi nematanhatu, nekuda kwekuwanikwa kwemigwagwa mitsva yegungwa, zvinwiwa zvinoshamisa zvakaonekwa muEurope: tei, kofi, kocoa. Vaida midziyo yakasarudzwa: dzakanaka makapu, saucers uye teapots. Vatengesi vakabva vatora mapurisa anokosha kubva kumabvazuva uye vakatengesa kuEurope nokuda kwemari yakawanda. Vagadziri vorunako vakakurumidza kuona kuti zvakakura zvakadini kuti vafarire kudya kwezvinhu zvakanakisisa zvekugadzira kubva munyaya iyi. Uye, pakupedzisira, vaida kuzviita ivo pachavo.
Pane imwe nguva Mutungamiri weSaxony Augustus Strong akakokwa kuzoshandira musikana wemakemikari Johann Betger. Uyu chemikemikisi akavimbisa kuvhura nzira yekugadzira ndarama. Gomo-alchemist harina kudzidza kubvisa ichi simbi. Asi, achitevera muenzaniso weChina, akauya nekamukira yekugadzira porcelain kubva kaolin. Kaolin ipurasitiki yakachena ivhu, iyo yakawedzerwa feldspar nemuchena mica, pamwe ne quartz kana jecha.
Ndinofanira kutaura kuti kumativi okumavirira kumabvazuva kwakanga kusina kukosha kupfuura goridhe. August Wakasimba nokukurumidza akaziva kuti zvipi izvo izvi zvakagadzirwa. Uye muna 1710 akarayirwa kuti avake pasi peDresden Meissen porcelain factory, iyo yakakurumidza kuva yakakurumbira. Pakutanga, Saxon artists akaveza michina mumutauro wekumaodzanyemba. Asi zvishoma nezvishoma vakatanga kurongedza nezvishongedzo zvakasiyana-siyana uye mifananidzo - nzvimbo, masango ekuvhima nezvimwe zvakanaka. Zvakakodzera izvi zvinyorwa zvakadhura zvikuru! Asi zvaidiwa kwavari zvakanga zvakakura. Vashandi vane ruzivo, kusanganisira madzimambo anobva kumativi ose eEurope, vakarayira kwete zvinhu zvakasiyana, asi zvakakwana zvinogadzirira vanhu vazhinji. Dzimba dzakasiyana-siyana dzokudyira, tei, mafivhaji. Saka pane tsika yekushanda matafura nenzira imwecheteyo. Nenzira, muRussia boka guru reMeissen porcelain rakaunganidzwa naVa Count Sheremetev. Iwe unogona kuchiona ichi mu Museum of Ceramics muKoskovo Estate.
MuFrance, panguva ino, kuedza kwaivawo kwakazara. Kubva kumashure kwezana remakore rechi16, Saint-Porscher akaratidza nzira yekuita faience, kutevedzera zvivakwa zveItaly. Chaizvoizvo, kuvimbika kwechiFrench kwaari uye kwakagadzirirwa nezita reguta reFaenza muItaly. Asi pane izvi zvakaitwa nevhizimisi vemunharaunda havana kumira. Uye semugumisiro wekugadzirisa unyanzvi nejecha, saltpetre, soda uye gypsum muna 1738, iyo inonzi yakagadzirwa necheperi yakawanikwa. Clay mukati maro chakanga chisingawanikwi, saka yakave yakanyanya kuoneka "yakachena", kupfuura yakasimba, uye kwete yakachena chena, uye cream. Mishonga Sevres manufactory (respectively, muguta reSevres) akabudirira kupikisana neChinese neSaxon. Uye kwete chete nekuda kwehutano hwavo, asiwo nekuda kwekugadzirwa kwayo kusingawanzoitiki. Masters echiFrench anogadzira zvigadzirwa zvemhando dzakasiyana-siyana uye mavara. Semuenzaniso, ndiro iyo inogona kufanana neshizha remazambiringa. Saucema - melon. Sugar ndiro - cauliflower. A teti ipinapapu!
Muzana remakore XVI-XVII. Kubudirira mukugadzira faience kwakaita Dutch. The manufactories muDelft yakabudisa yakawanda yezvokudya zvakashata. Uye zvishoma nezvishoma micheka iyi yakatanga kuve yakakurumbira nevanhu vane muwandu wemari. Zvisinei, pasinei nokuti zvakadhura zvakadini kana zvichienzaniswa nemadziro ayo, chido chavo chakanga chisina kuderera. Mushure mezvose, vakaratidza hupenyu hwakanaka uye nzvimbo yakakwirira yeimba. Puraziin manufactories yakaonekwa muEurope imwe neimwe. Russia haina kumira shure kwevamwe vekuWestern. Kubvira kare muna 1746, nyanzvi yezvemakemikari Dmitry Ivanovich Vinogradov akawana teknolojia yakakosha. Lomonosov Porcelain Factory, yakagadzwa nemurairo weEmpreta Elizabeth Petrovna, yava mukwikwidzi akakodzera webhizimisi dzeEurope. Vasati vamukira, akanga ari muimba yepamambo uye zvikurukuru akabudirira pasi peCatherine Catherine. Akarongedza mitambo yemitambo, uye vamwe vavo vakaverenga kusvika kune chiuru chimwe zvinhu! Uye muzana remakore rekutanga reXIX maiva nemiti miduku yakawanda-kunyanya munzvimbo yeGzhel.
Pakazosvika pakati pezana remakumi mana nezana remakumi mana nezana remakumi mana nezana remakumi mana nemakumi mana, zana rezvokudya pamahwendefa edzimba dzakapfuma zveEurope iri kukura kusvika pakuguma. Pamberi pemumwe mushanyi petafura, pane, sezvinenge mumapuranga, mahwendefa mazhinji ezvokudya, kutanga, wechipiri, saladi, dessert, michero. Izvi hazvisi kuverenga marudzi ose emafuta emafuta, jam jars, shuga dzeshuga, milkmaids, makapu, michero yemichero, mabhasikiti emasipi.
Zvingaita sokuti hapana chimwezve chokugadzira ... zvinhu zvose zvatove zvakagadzirwa! Asi kunyange munguva yedu basa iri rinoramba richivandudza. Chaizvoizvo, nekuda kweva restaurateurs, avo vanoda kugovera zvinopa zvokudya zvevafuri vavo. Vakabva vaudza avo vanonzi assiette dekuratidzira - hombe huru "yekushandira", nechepamusoro pepakati, pane mahwendefa ane ndiro yekutanga uye yechipiri akaiswa. Restaurateurs zvakare akaratidza pfungwa yokuti zvinhu zvose zvinofanira "kuvharirwa", zviri nyore kuchengetwa. Kana vakanyatsopindirana mukati meumwe, saka pane mikana shoma yekuvarova paunotakura gomo rezvokudya mumaoko ako. Uye, nekuwedzera, vashandi vakakurumbira vanowanzoshanda pamusoro pekuonekwa kwemashumiro emazuva ano. Mushure mezvose, kunyange zvikafu zvakajairika zvinogona kunge zvisina kungova mudziyo wezvokudya nekunwa, asiwo unyanzvi chinhu! Iyi nhau ine mamiriro ekugadzira tafura yakange yakafanana yekuyeuchidza kuti kunyange chikafu chinonaka pane chinonyanya kunakidza kana tafura yacho yakashongedzwa nezvishongo zvepamusoro.
Kubvira panguva iyo basa rinoisa izvo zvakave nhoroondo dzakaitika kwatiri:
- "Kushumira neruvara ruchena", rakagadzirirwa vanhu 50 uye rine 994 zvinhu. Yakasikwa neFrench factory Wedgwood kwaCatherine the Great uye ikozvino yakachengetwa muHermitage, muSt. Petersburg. Zvinhu zvose zvakashongedzwa nemiti yakasiyana-siyana, kuitira kuti vahosi nevakashamwaridzana varo vanoyemura masango, minda uye nyika dzimba dzeEngland. Nenzira, huse uhu huse hwakachengetedzwa zvakachengetedzwa zviviri kubva muna 1917 uye muna 1945.
- Kendler "Basa reku Swan" rakagadzirwa muzana remakore rechi18 paMeissen Manufactory uye rakagadzirwa ne 2200 porcelain items. Vakarongedzwa nemasununguko emifananidzo yezvisikwa zvose zvinorarama mumvura.
- "Basa raMambokadzi Victoria", rakasikwa neHitactory Herend, rakatumidzwa zita reBritish Queen. Kubvira panguva yeZvinobudiswa Munyika muna 1851, akafadzwa nemufananidzo wake wakajeka ne fluttering butterflies.
- Inonyanya kuzivikanwa nechekare yeRussia yakagadzirwa - "Guryevsky" ("Russian") - yakagadzirwa pakutanga kwezana remakore rechina. Iye zvino vazhinji vavo vanochengetwa muPeterhof. Iyo inonzi zita remakumbo eDA. Guryeva, pasi pebasa rake reutungamiri rakanga richiri kufamba. Basa racho rakashongedzwa nemamatoti akaitwa maererano nezvinyorwa uye lithografu zvinoratidza maitiro uye tsika dzevanhu veRussia. Uyewo vakatora maonero emaguta akasiyana siyana uye marudzi ose emhando dzemavara.