Mabhuku ekutanga neNinevhe
Ninivhi yakanga iri munharaunda yezvino yeIran. Guta racho raive nerakajeka, risina munhu akatya kuputsa. Uye muna 612 BC. Guta rakaparadzwa uye rakapiswa nemauto evaBhabhironi neMedhia.
Mabhuku ekutanga akaunzwa pano kubva kunyika dzakasungwa neAsiriya hondo ndokuvakunda. Kubva panguva iyoyo, vadzivisi vebhuku vakaonekwa munyika. Kana ari Tsar Ashshubanipale pachake, akanga ari munhu akadzidziswa zvikuru, akadzidza kuverenga nekunyora achiri mwana, uye munguva yekutonga aiva neraibhurari huru, pasi pazvo akasarudza makamuri akawanda muimba yake. Akadzidza masayenzi ose epanguva yacho.
Muna 1849 mutambi wechiChirungu Lejjard panguva yekuchera akawana matongo, ayo akavigwa pasi pevhu kwemazana emakore akawanda. Kwemazuva mazhinji hakuna munhu akambofungidzira kukosha kwekugadzirwa uku. Uye chete kana nyanzvi dzemazuva ano dzichidzidza kuverenga kunyorwa kweBhabhironi, kukosha kwavo kwechokwadi kwakazozivikanwa.
Chii chiri pamapeji ebhuku revhu?
Mapeji ebhuku revhu aiva nemitemo yemuSumer naAkkad. Vakataura kuti kunyange munguva iyoyo yekare, masvomhu akagona kuita zviito zvizhinji zvemasvomhu: kuverenga zvikamu, kuyera nzvimbo, kusimudza nhamba kusvika kune simba nekubvisa midzi. Vakatotora tafura yavo yekuwedzera, kunyange zvazvo yakanga yakaoma kunzwisisa kupfuura iyo yatinoshandisa iye zvino. Uyezve, kuyerwa kwevhiki kwemazuva manomwe chaiwo kunobva zvakabva panguva iyoyo.
"Bhuku iyi ihwindo duku, nyika yose inoonekwa kuburikidza nayo"
"Iwe uchaverenga mabhuku - iwe uchaziva zvose"
"Maparera anobuda mumvura yakadzika yegungwa, ruzivo runobva kune zvakadzama mabhuku"
Zvisikwa uye zvinhu zvekuchengetedza
Mabhuku emagetsi akachengetwa nenzira yakajeka. Kutsanangura zita uye peji peji pasi pebhuku ndiro mutemo mukuru. Uyewo mubhuku rimwe nerimwe raitevera, mutsetse uyo wakapedzisira wapera wakanyorwa. Zvinofanira kuonekwa kuti vakachengetedzwa zvakasimba. Uyezve, kwaiva nekinyorwa muraibhurari yeNinnesian, iyo zita, nhamba yemitsara uye bazi iyo bhuku racho raive rakanyorwa. Paivawo nemabhuku ezvemutemo, nyaya dzevaya vaifamba, ruzivo rwemishonga, marudzi akasiyana-siyana ezvinyorwa zvinyorwa uye netsamba.
Clay nokuda kwekusika kwavo yaiva yepamusoro-soro. Yakatanga kuvhenganiswa kwenguva yakareba, ndokubva yaita mahwendefa maduku ndokuanyora netsvimbo apo pasi yakanga ichiri mvura.